学年高二英语新人教版选修10学案Unit 3 Fairness for all语法篇教师版.docx

1、学年高二英语新人教版选修10学案Unit 3 Fairness for all语法篇教师版Unit 3 Fairness for all-语法篇时态一. 定义：时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。英语时态分为16种：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。 其表现形式如下（以study为例） 一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时 现在 study be studying have studied have been studying 过去 studied be stu

2、dying had studied had been studying 将来 will study will be studying will have studied will have been studying 过去将来 would study would be studying would have studied would have been studying 二. 基本用法1. 一般现在时考点分析 表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. 表示知觉、态度、感情、

3、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如： I know what you mean. Smith owns a car and a house. All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School. 在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。If you will accept my in

4、vitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。 少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day. Tomorrow is Wednesday.2. 一般过去时的考点分

5、析（考核重点）。 一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如： I met her in the street yesterday. They never drank wine. I thought the film would be interesting, but it isnt. 如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如： He told me he read an interesting novel

6、last night. 表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.He bought a watch but lost it.3. 一般将来时考点分析。 表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等）。 表示一种趋向或习惯动作。 Well die

7、without air or water. 表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。 be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：a. be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。b. be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如：If it is fine, well go fishing.

8、c. be to do sth. 表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。A meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock this afternoon.d. be about to do sth. 表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。Autumn harvest is about to start.4. 现在进行时考点分析。 表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如：It is raining now. We are leavi

9、ng on Friday. He is teaching English and learning Chinese.The girl is always talking loud in public. (与always、often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩) 下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。a. 表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。b. 表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belo

10、ng to, depend on。c. 表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。d. 表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。5. 过去完成时考点分析（考核重点）。 常用过去完成时的几种情况：a. 在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars

11、. The train had left before we reached the station. b. 表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/though / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned + to have done。c. “时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at

12、least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.d. 表示“一就”的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started. 在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。After he

13、 (had)left the room, the boss came in.We arrived home before it snowed.6. 过去将来时考点分析。参照一般将来时对比：用would do、was / were going to do sth. 表过去将来；come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth. 表过去将来。7. 过去进行时考点分析。 过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。 某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状

14、语从句中。8. 现在完成时考点分析。 现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years、up to now、till now等。 下列句型中常用现在完成时It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句This (That / It)is the first(second)time that + 现在完成时 在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：Dont get off the

15、bus until it has stopped.三注意几组时态的区别：1. 一般过去时与现在完成时：a. 时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。b. 结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。2. 过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式则只用一般过去时即可。3. 一般现在时和现在进行时一般现在时表示习惯性得行为或状态或客观性东西；而现在

16、进行时表示短暂时间内的状态。He works in the office , but he is working in the workshop this week.他在办公室工作，但这一周他下车间了。4 . 现在完成时和现在完成进行时1）现在完成时强调过去发生的动作现在已经完成或表示曾经发生过。现在完成进行时一般强调过去发生的动作现在仍在继续。I have been writing an article .(仍在写) I have written an article .（已经完成）四. 与动词时态连用的句式1）This/It is the first /second time that 从

17、句2）be doing when be about to do when /be on the point of doing whenhad just done when 3) Hardly had done when / No sooner had done than 4) It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句5）It be +一段时间+before 从句这种句式分为两种情况如果主句用将来时，则从句用一般现在时表将来时，意为“多长时间以后即将发生某事”；如果主句用过去时，从句也用过去时，意为“多长时间后发生了某事”。It wont be long before

18、he succeeds.= He will succeed soon.It was ten years before they met again.=They met again ten years later.被动语态一. 被动语态的构成方式：be +过去分词，口语也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。二. 被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。1. 使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。 主动变被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。My friend gave me an interesting bo

19、ok on my birthday.An interesting book was given to me (by my friend) on my birthday.I was given an interesting book (by my friend) on my birthday. 主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。The boss made him work all day long. He was made to work all day long (by the boss) 短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。The children wer

20、e taken good care of (by her).Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to. 情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。 当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式：a. 谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。b. 用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语

21、在后面用主语从句来表示。如： People say he is a smart boy.It is said that he is a smart boy.He is said to be a smart boy. People know paper was made in China first. It is known that paper was made in China first. Paper was known to be made in China first.类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ th

22、ought that 三. 不能用被动语态的几种情况。 所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。 表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。 表示归属的动词，如have、own、belong to等。 表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。 宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。 宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。 有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当

23、主语是物时，常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。四. 主动形式表被动意义。 当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时；当cut、read、sell、wear、write,open,clean,cook,keep,cut,fill,blow,measure,lock,run,record,begin,shut等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。如：This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。 These novels wont sell well.这些小说不畅销。M

24、y pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。 The door wont lock.门锁不上。The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。 当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。The plan worked out successfully. The lamps on the wall turn off. want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。 be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。 在“be + 形容词（easy,

25、difficult, light, heavy, fit, good, safe, comfortable, dangerous, pleasant） + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。This kind of water isnt fit to drink. The girl isnt easy to get along with.另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。五. 被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。be seated坐着 He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself

26、on a bench.）坐在凳子上。be hidden躲藏 He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。be lost迷路 be drunk喝醉 be dressed穿着The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.六. 被动语态与系表结构的区别被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如：The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)The book is well sold.(系表结构)注意： get+过去分

27、词也可构成被动语态。get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress 等动词的过去分词连用，构成被动语态。1. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _ that they wont support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.A. were deciding B. have decided C. decided D. will decide解析: 父母做的决定对现在造成的

28、影响。完成时表示动作结果造成的影响, 所以用完成时。答案:B2. Years ago we didnt know this, but recent science _ that people who dont sleep well soon get ill.A. showed B. has shown C. will show D. is showing解析: 现代科学对现在造成的影响,。答案:B3. They _ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we _ it as no good result

29、s have come out so far. A. had been working; are still working B. had worked; were still working C. have been working; have worked D. have worked; are still working解析: 过去完成进行时表示从过去到现在一直进行，并对现在产生影响。正在进行时表示从现在开始并一直继续, 选A。答案:A4. Can you make sure _ the gold ring? A. where Alice had put B. where had Ali

30、ce put C. where Alice has put D. where has Alice put解析: 过去发生的“放”的动作对现在的影响，究竟金戒指现在“在哪里”选 D。答案:D5. Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate. Oh! I thought they _ without me.A. went B. are going C. have gone D. had gone解析：“离开”动作在“认为”之前。答案:D6. When the old man _ to walk back to his

31、 house, the sun _ itself behind the mountain. A. started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden C. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid解析：太阳“落山”在老师“回家”之前。答案:A7. His wife _ to catch the first train but she was too late. A. hoping B. had hoped C. has hoped D. would hope解析: had hoped 意为“原希望”，常用于这一结构的动词有 “think, want, plan, suppose, intend”答案:B8. By the time Jane gets home, her aunt _ for London to attend a meeting.A. will leave B. leaves C. will have left D. left解析: by