国外社会心理学1课件4.ppt

1、Chapter 4This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law.The following are prohibited by law:any public performance or display,including transmission of any image over a network;preparation of any derivative work,including the extraction,in whole or in part,of any images;a

2、ny rental,lease,or lending of the program.Attitudes:Evaluating the Social World Copyright 2006,Allyn and BaconChapter OutlineAttitude FormationAttitude FunctionsLink Between Attitudes and BehaviorPersuasionCognitive Dissonance Copyright 2006,Allyn and BaconAttitudesAttitudesevaluations of various as

3、pects of the social worldThe study of attitudes is a major topic within the field of social psychology.They represent a very basic component of social cognition.They often influence behavior,especially when they are strong,accessible,and long-standing.Copyright 2006,Allyn and BaconAttitude Formation

4、How Attitudes DevelopSocial Learningthe process through which people acquire new information,forms of behavior,or attitudes from other personsThree learning processes are important to the development of attitudes.Classical Conditioninglearning in which one stimulus becomes a signal for the presentat

5、ion of another stimulus(learning by association)Subliminal Conditioningclassical conditioning of attitudes by exposure to stimuli that are below individuals threshold of conscious awareness Copyright 2006,Allyn and BaconAttitude FormationHow Attitudes DevelopInstrumental Conditioninglearning in whic

6、h responses(e.g.,attitudes)that lead to positive outcomes or which avoid negative outcomes are strengthenedObservational Learninglearning in which individuals acquire new forms of behavior(e.g.,attitudes)as a result of observing othersMedia exposure can influence attitude formation.Third-Person Effe

7、ctthe impact of media exposure on others attitudes and behaviors is overestimated and the impact on the self is underestimatedSocial Comparison to people that are liked also plays a role in learning attitudes from others and people learn attitudes from those they like and respect.Copyright 2006,Ally

8、n and BaconAttitude FunctionsAttitude formation is a basic cognitive process that can be viewed as almost automatic.Mere ExposurePeople form attitudes toward things that they have seen before,but do not necessarily remember seeing.Attitudes serve many functions.The Knowledge Functionattitudes aid in

9、 the interpretation of new stimuli and enable rapid responding to attitude-relevant information(in ways that maintain them).Attitudes help to make sense of the social world quickly.Copyright 2006,Allyn and BaconAttitude FunctionsAttitudes serve many functions.The Identity or Self-Expression Function

10、attitudes can permit the expression of central values and beliefs and thereby communicate personal identity.This can include group membership and identity.People are more likely to adopt the attitude position of someone with whom they share an important identity.The Self-Esteem Functionholding parti

11、cular attitudes can help maintain or enhance feelings of self-worth.Attitudes based on moral convictions are good predictors of behavior.Copyright 2006,Allyn and BaconAttitude FunctionsAttitudes serve many functions.The Ego-Defensive Functionclaiming particular attitudes can protect people from unwa

12、nted or unflattering views of themselves.For example,when prejudiced people state that they are against prejudice and discrimination they protect themselves from seeing that they are actually bigoted.The Impression Motivation Functionpeople can use attitudes to lead others to have a positive view of

13、 themselves.When motivated to do so,the attitudes people express can shift in order to create the desired impression on others.Attitudes that serve an impression motivation function can lead people to formulate arguments that support their views.Copyright 2006,Allyn and BaconAttitude Formation and F

14、unctionsWhat are your thoughts?How is an attitude formed through the process of classical conditioning or subliminal conditioning?What are examples of attitudes that people learn from the media?Are there problems with learning attitudes from the media?If so,what are they?What functions do your attit

15、udes serve?Are people always aware of why they hold the attitudes that they do?What are consequences of not being aware of these functions?Copyright 2006,Allyn and BaconLink Between Attitudes and BehaviorRole of the Social ContextSocial attitudes do not always predict behavior.LaPiere(1934)found tha

16、t the actions of business owners did not match their attitudes.Businesses gave the Chinese couple traveling with him very good service.But,they expressed negative attitudes in written responses to LaPiere,saying that they would not offer service to Chinese customers.Attitudes differentially predict behavior depending on how public the action is and whether there are potential social consequences.Copyright 2006,Allyn and BaconLink Between Attitudes and BehaviorWhen and Why Do Attitudes Influence