美国文学重点整理.docx

1、美国文学重点整理美国文学重点整理美国文学题型:1.60分 三篇小说，三个诗歌，作者，出处，作品分析2.20分名词解释3.20分论述1、 20世纪美国文学发展得经济背景关键词：Urbanization(new farm machines, rising productivity, rising leisure time)In dustrializatio n(electric lights, camera, teleph on e, radio, type writer)mercializati onGlobalizati on、Philosophy: Schope nhaue 叔本华Nietz

2、sche 尼采Jea n PaulFreud补充:Fitzgerald:tender is the night, all the sad young man, the rich boy,2、 What is Lost Ge neratio n?1It is a term to describe a group of American intellectuals, poets, artists and writers who fled to France in the post WWI years to reject the values of American materialism and

3、to seek the bohemia n lifestyle in Paris2It is full of youthful idealism, seek ing the meaning of life, drank excessively, have love affairs,creati ng some of the fin est America n literature to date3America n poet Gertrude Stein coined this expressi on, speak ing to Hemin gway, she said, you are al

4、l a lost gen eration the term stuck the mystique surro unding these individuals continues to fancy us4Main representatives: F Scott、 Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, John Dos Passos3、 What is modernism? Main features、A cultural moveme nt that gen erally in cludes the progressive art and architecture, d

5、esign, literature, music, dance,painting and other visual arts which emerged in the beg inning of the 20ce ntury, particularly in the years follow ing WWI、 It was a movement of artists and designers who rebelled against late 19th century academic and historic traditi on, and embraced the new econo m

6、ic ,social and political aspects of the emerg ing moder n worldThe ava nt-garde moveme nts that followed in cludi ng impressio nism, post-impressi oni sm, cubism（立体主义）,futurism, expressi oni sm, con tructivism（构成 主义）are gen erally defi ned as modernism、4、 The Great Gatsby作者：F、 Scott Fitzgerald男女主人公:

7、Jay Gatsby & Daisy Fay BuchananWhy is Gatsby great? Why did he die?His flaws in characteristics: Naive.i nnocen t, ideal正就是因为美国社会缺乏盖茨比精神 ，社会不重视精神世界得充实 ，人们经历spiritual empti ness,所以盖茨比伟大。 Post-war delusi on 迷幻，错觉）“ So we beat on, boats aga inst the curre nt, borne back ceaselessly into the past 补充:Fit

8、zgerald:tender is the night, all the sad young man, the rich boy, 几个重点 背景:roaring twenties, jazz age, the lost generation, American dream5、 Ern est Hemi ngway主要作品：The Sun Also Rises太阳照常升起A Farewell to Arms 永另U了，武器 Frederic Henry & Catherine BarkleyFor Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣The Old Man and the Sea

9、老人与海SantiagoMan is not made for debeatA man can be destroyed but not defeated、 From The Old Man and the SeaWhat is Hemi ngway Code Hero? His writi ng style、 What is Iceberg-pri nciple?补充:海明威得writing style:Heroic code : Hemingway has his own understanding of hero What the hero does is to face adversi

10、ty with grace He emphasizes self-control and other facts of his idea of man hood What people achieve or fail at exter nal is not as sig nifica nt to heroism as porting ourselves with inner nobility、 As Santiago says, man is not made for defeated A man can be destroyed but not defeatedColloquial styl

11、eEmphasis on emoti onIce burg theoryShort story: man without wome nWin ter takes nothing主题主要就是:life and death, experience and the meaning of life, the physical and psychological wound of the soldieroHemingway s writing style: simple, telegraphic, natural, direct, clear, fresh, terse（简 洁得,精练得）,con tr

12、oversial, mon ly found, fun dame ntal words, lea n and emotio nal,simple senten ces, ice burg prin ciple, symbolism His style is probably the most widely imitated of any in the 20th cen tury、 He is gen erally known for his“ mastery of the art of modern narration He oncesaid, the dignity of movement

13、ofan iceburg is due to only 1/8of it above water、 According to H, good literature writing should be able to make readers feel the emotion of the characters directly and the best way to produce the effect is to set down exactly every particular kind of feeli ng without any authorized men ts, without

14、conven ti on ally emotive Ian guage, and with a bare minimum of adj, and modifiers 、 His fiction usually focuses on people living essential, dangerous live - soldiers, fisherman, athletes, who meet the pain and difficulties of their existence with stoic（坚忍得,苦修得）courage His celebrated lit stylhe is d

15、irect,terse and often monotonous, yet particularly suited to his elemental subject matte、 Masculi ne, man of acti on, self-discipli ne, terseThe Hemin gway hero codeIt refers to some protagonists in Hemingway works、 In the general situation of“grace unHemingway s novels, life s full of tension and b

16、attles、 The world is in chaos and man is always fighting a losing battle、 Those who survive and perhaps emerge victorious in the process of seek ing to master the code with a set of prin ciples such as honor, courage, en dura nee, wisdom, discipli ne and dig nity are known as Hemin gway code To beha

17、ve well in the Ionely, losing battle with life is to show power” and constitutes in itself a kind of victory, a theme clearly established in The old man and the seaA Farewell to armsIs henny a good soldier?No、 he escaped and said goodbye to aimless, meaningless war and ran to Switzerland、It is not o

18、ur war、 He is anti-war thinking love may be disastrous, bring death So man should be cold6、 William Faulk ner, Souther n writer主要作品:The Sou nd and the Fury喧哗与骚动,Absalom, Absalom、Go dow n, moses、Light in august、故事发生地:fictional Yoknapatawpha County四大家族：主题:The burden of history; the South s conservativ

19、e culture; the South led hisforyjtifeiurtily;the land; religi on; guilt; ide ntity; death; the search for the redemptive meaning of life 、Writi ng features:1、 stream of consciousness and interior monologue、2、 multiple point of view3、 Violati on of chrono logy4、 anti-hero: weak, fable（寓言，无稽之谈）,vulner

20、able,5、 mythological pattern and open ending7、The Color Purple作者:Alice Walker南方黑人女性作家 alic主人公:Celie & Nettie论述:Sophia: “All my life I had to fight、 I had to fight my daddy 、 I had to fightmy uncles、I had to fight my brothers 、A girl child aint safe in a family of men, but I aint n ever thought rd ha

21、ve to fight in my own house! ”The Color Purple is an epistolary（书信体得）novel, made up of 91 letters written by Celie and her sister Nettie Taking place mostly in rural Georgia, the story focuses on black female life during the 1930s in the Southern United States8、The Bluest Eye作者:To ni Morrison 其她作品:S

22、o ng of Solo mon; Beloved主人公:Pecola Breedlove: inferiority plex,（说过要考几种 literary form fiction, poetry, drama）American DramaWhat is drama: a drama is a work of literature or position which delineates life and human activities by means of prese nting various actions, and dialogues betwee n a group of

23、characters and it is designed for theatrical presentation 、Elements: plot, character, theme, diction（ 措辞）,music and auditory aspect of a play、1920s: little theater movement began after 1912 Washington square players 、They are free from the conventional theater and can be as experimental as they like

24、 、1930s: Eugene O NeilPost war: Arthur Miller60s: theater of absurd: Edward Albee1.美国最早得剧作家:William Darby代表作:Ye Bare and Ye Cubb2.一定会考第一位获得诺贝尔奖得剧作家 :Eugene O Neil被称为“剧作家之父”Neil is credited with raising America drama theater from its narrow origins to an art from respected around the world、 He is reg

25、arded as America psemier playwright Feature: introduce the European theatrical trends of realism, naturalism and expressionism to the American stage as devices to express his prehensive interest in his life and humanity 、 His purpose it to get the root if human desires and frustrations, disappointme

26、nts and perplexities、 As result his tragic and nihilistic view of life, his words in general, indicated chaos and hopelessnes、sThe long days journeyThe emperor jonesThe hairy ape写作风格 :realism, naturalism, expressionism代表作 :The Emperor Jones,The Long Days Journey Into Night, The Hairy ApeHis purpose

27、is to get the root of human desires and frustration、s3.Arthur Miller 应该不会考代表作 :Death of a Salesman、Main characters: Willy Loman, Biff Loman4.Tennessee Williams代表作:A Street Car Named Desire应该会考流派:Theater of the Absurd 荒谬派BeckettFeatures:the basic assumption: human life lacks coherence and is chaotic、

28、 Life operates without rules、The world is meaningless, so the play appears to be meaningle、ssIt examines the problems of life and death, of isolation and municationIt satirizes people who are unaware of the ultimate reality: deathIn absurd drama, situation is more important than characteristics and

29、events 、 The dramatists want to show people what their situation is、 Therefore, he constructs a play which presents a picture of the universal situation、 One result of these is that the characters are so often ic and humorous、5.Edward Albee代表作 :The Zoo Story, Whos afraid of Virginia Woolf?6.post-mod

30、erismpost-modernism is a plicated term, or set of ideas, one that has only emerged as am area of academic study since the mid-90、s post moderation is hard to define because it isA.An emphasize on impressionism and subjectivity in writing、 It emphasize on how seeing(or reading or perception itself) t

31、akes palc、eB.A movement away from the apparent objectivity prob=vided by omniscient third-person narrators, fixed narrative points of view and clear cut moral positions、C.A blurring of destitution between genres so that poetry seemsmore dominating and prose seems more poet、icD.An emphasize on fragme

32、nted forms, discontinuous narratives, and random-seeming collages of different materials、E.A tendency toward reflexivity, or self-conscious about the production of self-consciousness about the production of the work of art, so that each piece calls attention to its own status as a production, as sth constructed and consumed in particular ways、F.A rejection of elaborate formal aesthetics in favor of minimalist designs(as in th