美国文学重点整理.docx

美国文学重点整理.docx

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美国文学重点整理

美国文学重点整理

美国文学题型:

1.60分三篇小说，三个诗歌，作者，出处，作品分析

2.20分名词解释

3.20分论述

1、20世纪美国文学发展得经济背景

关键词：

Urbanization（newfarmmachines,risingproductivity,risingleisuretime）

Industrialization（electriclights,camera,telephone,radio,typewriter）

mercialization

Globalization、

Philosophy:

Schopenhaue叔本华

Nietzsche尼采

JeanPaul

Freud

补充:

Fitzgerald:

tenderisthenight,allthesadyoungman,therichboy,

2、WhatisLostGeneration?

1ItisatermtodescribeagroupofAmericanintellectuals,poets,artistsandwriterswhofledtoFranceinthepostWWIyearstorejectthevaluesofAmericanmaterialismandtoseekthebohemianlifestyleinParis

2Itisfullofyouthfulidealism,seekingthemeaningoflife,drankexcessively,haveloveaffairs,creatingsomeofthefinestAmericanliteraturetodate

3AmericanpoetGertrudeSteincoinedthisexpression,speakingtoHemingway,shesaid,youareallalostgenerationthetermstuckthemystiquesurroundingtheseindividualscontinuestofancyus

4Mainrepresentatives:

FScott、Fitzgerald,ErnestHemingway,JohnDosPassos

3、Whatismodernism?

Mainfeatures、

Aculturalmovementthatgenerallyincludestheprogressiveartandarchitecture,design,literature,music,dance,paintingandothervisualartswhichemergedinthebeginningofthe20century,particularlyintheyearsfollowingWWI、Itwasamovementofartistsanddesignerswhorebelledagainstlate19thcenturyacademicandhistorictradition,andembracedtheneweconomic,socialandpoliticalaspectsoftheemergingmodernworld

Theavant-gardemovementsthatfollowedincludingimpressionism,post-impressionism,cubism（立体主义）,futurism,expressionism,contructivism（构成主义）aregenerallydefinedasmodernism

、

4、TheGreatGatsby

作者：

F、ScottFitzgerald

男女主人公:

JayGatsby&DaisyFayBuchanan

WhyisGatsbygreat?

Whydidhedie?

Hisflawsincharacteristics:

Naive.innocent,ideal

正就是因为美国社会缺乏盖茨比精神，社会不重视精神世界得充实，人们经历

spiritualemptiness,所以盖茨比伟大。

Post-wardelusion迷幻，错觉）

“Sowebeaton,boatsagainstthecurrent,bornebackceaselesslyintothepast补充:

Fitzgerald:

tenderisthenight,allthesadyoungman,therichboy,几个重点背景:

roaringtwenties,jazzage,thelostgeneration,Americandream

5、ErnestHemingway

主要作品：

TheSunAlsoRises《太阳照常升起》

AFarewelltoArms《永另U了，武器》FredericHenry&CatherineBarkley

ForWhomtheBellTolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》

TheOldManandtheSea《老人与海》Santiago

Manisnotmadefordebeat…Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated、FromTheOldManandtheSea

WhatisHemingwayCodeHero?

Hiswritingstyle、WhatisIceberg-principle?

补充:

海明威得writingstyle:

Heroiccode:

HemingwayhashisownunderstandingofheroWhattheherodoesistofaceadversitywithgraceHeemphasizesself-controlandotherfactsofhisideaofmanhoodWhatpeopleachieveorfailatexternalisnotassignificanttoheroismasportingourselveswithinnernobility、AsSantiagosays,manisnotmadefordefeatedAmancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated

Colloquialstyle

Emphasisonemotion

Iceburgtheory

Shortstory:

manwithoutwomen

Wintertakesnothing

主题主要就是:

lifeanddeath,experienceandthemeaningoflife,thephysicalandpsychologicalwoundofthesoldiero

Hemingway'swritingstyle:

simple,telegraphic,natural,direct,clear,fresh,terse（简洁得,精练得）,controversial,monlyfound,fundamentalwords,leanandemotional,simplesentences,iceburgprinciple,symbolismHisstyleisprobablythemostwidelyimitatedofanyinthe20thcentury、Heisgenerallyknownforhis

“masteryoftheartofmodernnarrationHeonce'said,thedignityofmovementof

aniceburgisduetoonly1/8ofitabovewater、AccordingtoH,goodliteraturewritingshouldbeabletomakereadersfeeltheemotionofthecharactersdirectlyandthebestwaytoproducetheeffectistosetdownexactlyeveryparticularkindoffeelingwithoutanyauthorizedments,withoutconventionallyemotiveIanguage,andwithabareminimumofadj,andmodifiers、Hisfictionusuallyfocusesonpeoplelivingessential,dangerouslive--soldiers,fisherman,athletes,whomeetthepainanddifficultiesoftheirexistencewithstoic（坚忍得,苦修得）courageHiscelebratedlitstylheisdirect,terseandoftenmonotonous,yetparticularlysuitedtohiselementalsubjectmatte、Masculine,manofaction,self-discipline,terse

TheHemingwayherocode

ItreferstosomeprotagonistsinHemingway'works、Inthegeneralsituationof

“graceun

Hemingway'snovels,lifesfulloftensionandbattles、Theworldisinchaosandmanisalwaysfightingalosingbattle、Thosewhosurviveandperhapsemergevictoriousintheprocessofseekingtomasterthecodewithasetofprinciplessuchashonor,courage,enduranee,wisdom,disciplineanddignityareknownasHemingwaycodeTobehavewellintheIonely,losingbattlewithlifeistoshowpower”andconstitutesinitselfakindofvictory,athemeclearlyestablishedinTheoldmanandthesea

AFarewelltoarms

Ishennyagoodsoldier?

No、heescapedandsaidgoodbyetoaimless,meaninglesswarandrantoSwitzerland、Itisnotourwar、Heisanti-warthinkinglovemaybedisastrous,bringdeathSomanshouldbecold

6、WilliamFaulkner,Southernwriter

主要作品:

TheSoundandtheFury《喧哗与骚动》,Absalom,Absalom、Godown,moses、Lightinaugust、

故事发生地:

fictionalYoknapatawphaCounty

四大家族：

主题:

Theburdenofhistory;theSouth'sconservativeculture;theSouthledhisforyjtifeiurtily;

theland;religion;guilt;identity;death;thesearchfortheredemptivemeaningoflife、

Writingfeatures:

1、streamofconsciousnessandinteriormonologue、

2、multiplepointofview

3、Violationofchronology

4、anti-hero:

weak,fable（寓言，无稽之谈）,vulnerable,

5、mythologicalpatternandopenending

7、TheColorPurple

作者:

AliceWalker南方黑人女性作家alic

主人公:

Celie&Nettie

论述:

Sophia:

“AllmylifeIhadtofight、Ihadtofightmydaddy、Ihadtofight

myuncles、Ihadtofightmybrothers、Agirlchildain'tsafeinafamilyofmen,butIain'tneverthoughtrdhavetofightinmyownhouse!

”

TheColorPurpleisanepistolary（书信体得）novel,madeupof91letterswrittenbyCelieandhersisterNettieTakingplacemostlyinruralGeorgia,thestoryfocusesonblackfemalelifeduringthe1930sintheSouthernUnitedStates

8、TheBluestEye

作者:

ToniMorrison其她作品:

SongofSolomon;Beloved

主人公:

PecolaBreedlove:

inferiorityplex,

（说过要考几种literaryformfiction,poetry,drama）

AmericanDrama

Whatisdrama:

adramaisaworkofliteratureorpositionwhichdelineateslifeandhumanactivitiesbymeansofpresentingvariousactions,anddialoguesbetweenagroupofcharactersanditisdesignedfortheatricalpresentation、

Elements:

plot,character,theme,diction（措辞）,musicandauditoryaspectofaplay、

1920s:

littletheatermovementbeganafter1912Washingtonsquareplayers、Theyarefreefromtheconventionaltheaterandcanbeasexperimentalastheylike、

1930s:

EugeneO'Neil

Postwar:

ArthurMiller

60s:

theaterofabsurd:

EdwardAlbee

1.美国最早得剧作家:

WilliamDarby

代表作:

YeBareandYeCubb

2.一定会考第一位获得诺贝尔奖得剧作家:

EugeneO'Neil被称为“剧作家之

父”

NeiliscreditedwithraisingAmericadramatheaterfromitsnarroworiginstoanartfromrespectedaroundtheworld、HeisregardedasAmerica'psemierplaywright>

Feature:

introducetheEuropeantheatricaltrendsofrealism,naturalismandexpressionismtotheAmericanstageasdevicestoexpresshisprehensiveinterestinhislifeandhumanity、Hispurposeittogettherootifhumandesiresandfrustrations,disappointmentsandperplexities、Asresulthistragicandnihilisticviewoflife,hiswordsingeneral,indicatedchaosandhopelessnes、s

Thelongdaysjourney

Theemperorjones

Thehairyape

写作风格:

realism,naturalism,expressionism

代表作:

TheEmperorJones,TheLongDaysJourneyIntoNight,TheHairyApe

Hispurposeistogettherootofhumandesiresandfrustration、s

3.ArthurMiller应该不会考

代表作:

DeathofaSalesman、

Maincharacters:

WillyLoman,BiffLoman

4.TennesseeWilliams代表作:

AStreetCarNamedDesire应该会考

流派:

TheateroftheAbsurd荒谬派

Beckett

Features:

thebasicassumption:

humanlifelackscoherenceandischaotic、Lifeoperateswithoutrules、

Theworldismeaningless,sotheplayappearstobemeaningle、ss

Itexaminestheproblemsoflifeanddeath,ofisolationandmunication

Itsatirizespeoplewhoareunawareoftheultimatereality:

death

Inabsurddrama,situationismoreimportantthancharacteristicsandevents、Thedramatistswanttoshowpeoplewhattheirsituationis、Therefore,heconstructsaplaywhichpresentsapictureoftheuniversalsituation、Oneresultoftheseisthatthecharactersaresooftenicandhumorous、

5.EdwardAlbee

代表作:

TheZooStory,Whosa'fraidofVirginiaWoolf?

6.post-moderism

post-modernismisaplicatedterm,orsetofideas,onethathasonlyemergedasamareaofacademicstudysincethemid-90、spostmoderationishardtodefinebecauseitis

A.Anemphasizeonimpressionismandsubjectivityinwriting、Itemphasizeonhowseeing（orreadingorperceptionitself）takespalc、e

B.Amovementawayfromtheapparentobjectivityprob=videdbyomniscientthird-personnarrators,fixednarrativepointsofviewandclearcutmoralpositions、

C.Ablurringofdestitutionbetweengenressothatpoetryseemsmoredominatingandproseseemsmorepoet、ic

D.Anemphasizeonfragmentedforms,discontinuousnarratives,andrandom-seemingcollagesofdifferentmaterials、

E.Atendencytowardreflexivity,orself-consciousabouttheproductionofself-consciousnessabouttheproductionoftheworkofart,sothateachpiececallsattentiontoitsownstatusasaproduction,assthconstructedandconsumedinparticularways、

F.Arejectionofelaborateformalaestheticsinfavorofminimalistdesigns（asinth