酒店业英文文献及翻译.docx

1、酒店业英文文献及翻译外文文献Hotel industryPeople have been making a living by providing rooms for travelers ever since the first lodging houses were built to accommodate travelers in ancient times. Today, hotels offer far more than just a room for travel increased. Motels, resort hotels, and convention hotels hav

2、e been developed to cater to the varied needs of todays traveling public. At the same time, hotel chains have established themselves as the dominant force in the industry.Motels in the United States evolved from the roadside tourist cabins and tourist courts that were first introduced in the early 1

3、990s in response to the increase in travel. As the automobile began to replace the train as the primary means of travel in the United States, there was an increased demand for roadside accommodations. The first motels began to appear in the 1920s and were usually one-storey buildings, with an averag

4、e of twenty-five units or rooms.Motels really came of age during the 1950s. Two main factors contributed to the boom in motel construction. One was the development of the interstate highway system, beginning in 1956. The other was the first time, added a number of services. Restaurant swimming pools

5、, and in-room television became standard features.The next step in the development of the motel industry was the move away from highway locations into the downtown sections of large cities. With the increase in air travel, motor hotels also began to move out to the airports.A resort hotel is one tha

6、t people visit for relaxation, recreation, and entertainment. The idea of the resort hotel was born in the 18th and 19th century Europe. Splendid hotels were built along the French Riviera in the Swiss Alps, and at various mineral springs throughout the continent. The resort hotel in the United Stat

7、es developed with the expansion of the railroads in the second half of the nineteenth century. All catered exclusively to the rich and to the upper middle class. Families stayed for two or three months and returned to the same hotels year after year.With the rise in mass tourism, resort hotels have

8、been established in greet numbers at destinations throughout the world. Some of these luxury resort hotels have survived, but today they are heavily outnumbered by resort hotels that cater to ordinary people who stay from days to weeks. With increased leisure time and higher wages, many people now t

9、ake at least one vacation away from home each year. The jet airport has opened up areas of the world that were previously inaccessible to the vacationer. Resort hotel construction boomed in tropical area such as the Caribbean and Hawaii.A convention hotel is one that caters to large group gatherings

10、. The rise of convention hotels has been one of the developments in the hotel industry, and conventioneers now account for almost 20 percent of all hotel guests. Many downtown hotels saw occupancy levels drop during the 1950s and early 1960s as motels captured a larger segment of the market. In resp

11、onse, some hotels began to add facilities for conventions or other group gatherings as a means of survival. At first, conventions were scheduled for off-peak periods, but as the volume of convention business increased, they began to be scheduled year-round.The business of large hotels that cater exc

12、lusively to convention groups began going up in the major cities in the later 1960s. They all feature a wide variety of restaurants, banquet rooms, meeting rooms, and convention and exhibition halls. Resort hotels, motels and airport hotels have also begun to offer convention facilities.The arrival

13、of the jet age led to the second major hotel building period of the twentieth century, lasting from 1958 to 1974. In the early part of this period, the hotel chains major goals in planning new properties were economy, efficiency, and standardization of design. A Sheraton hotel in Miami, for example,

14、 might be almost identical to one nearly 3,000 miles away in Los Angeles. By the late 1960s, however, there was a reaction against this uniformity of design and new hotel architecture was born. The opening of the Hyatt marked a return to the grandeur of the old luxury hotels. Scenic elevators, fount

15、ains, waterfalls, trees, huge sculptures, and bars and cafes are included in the lobby so that it was no longer just a place for registration and checkout; it also became the main eating, drinking, and meeting area. The success of the Atlanta Hyatt Regency led to the building of similar atrium hotel

16、s in cities and combine commercial, office, and hotel facilities with sports and recreational facilities.The small country inn is a type of lodging place that has survived by offering increased service and facilities. In fact, many turn away from such modern conveniences as in-room television, radio

17、s, and telephones. Instead, they offer the attraction of old world charm and coziness in a scenic or historic setting. Guests might expect to find working fireplaces in their rooms, handmade quilts on their beds, and antique furniture throughout the inn. Many of the inns are direct descendants of th

18、e old inns and taverns that flourished along stagecoach routes 200 years ago. The smaller country inns, sometimes with as few as three or four rooms, are usually run by friendly couples who pride themselves on the comfort and cleanliness of their accommodations and the quality of the food that they

19、serve.Some of the larger chain hotels (e.g. Holiday Inns) use the name inn. Motor inns, however, should not be confused with country inns. The chains use the name to suggest a feeling of warmth and friendliness, though their properties quite different from the more intimate country inns.For centurie

20、s, the hotel business could well business could well be described as a cottage industry, because each hotel was a privately-owned, independent enterprise. Occasionally, a well-know hotel would successfully produce a few namesakes under the same management, but such examples were few. The first notab

21、le exception was the Caesar Ritz group. E. M. Statler was the first to point out the economic and financial advantages of operating several large hotels under a single management. Despite Statlers success, the chain concept was slow to catch on in the period between the two world wars. Later on, Con

22、rad Hilton, in particular, became the originator contributing to the growth of the hotel management company. Kemmons Welson and Wallace Johnson, founders of Holiday Inn, fully enriched the chain concept by franchising the Holiday Inn name and establishing a national reservation network.The chains ha

23、ve expanded in a number of ways. One is through direct investment. It means that the headquarters corporation itself puts up the necessary fund to build and operate a new hotel or to buy and renovate an old one. Another is by establishing management contracts with the actual owner of the hotel, wher

24、eby the chain actually takes over an empty building and operates it according to its own operating procedures for a fee or for a percentage of the profits. This method is frequently used when the chain expends into a foreign country. A somewhat similar method is the joint venture, a partnership in w

25、hich both the chain and local investors put up part of the capital that is necessary for new construction or the purchase of an existing building. Yet another way widely used is franchising. It is a leasing arrangement that requires the hotel operator to pay a fee for the use of the plans, manuals o

26、f procedure and advertising materials. In return, the hotel operator is granted a license to operate a business under the name of the parent corporation. The franchise operator puts up the capital, but he gets a standardized product with a predictable sales potential. He can of course also get a lot

27、 of help from the licensing corporation in establishing his operation and then in solving problems that arise after it has opened. Some franchise operations are also joint ventures, with both the corporation and the individual owner supplying part of the initial capital.There are many important comp

28、etitive advantages that the hotel chains have over the individually operated hotels. The first is the resources and money on advertising and public-relations professionals at chains headquarters, who prepare publicity campaigns for the chain as a whole.A second advantage comes from the standardizati

29、on of equipment and operating procedures. The chains publish detailed manuals that specify standardized procedures to be followed even in such tasks as making beds and setting tables. Even when the different hotels in the chain are not tightly controlled by a central office, it is customary to have

30、an inspection system in order to guarantee the overall standards.The most important and most obvious advantage is the increased efficiency in making and controlling reservations. A guest at one hotel, for instance, can receive confirmation of a room at another within a few minutes. When a chain is o

31、wned by an airline, the traveler can make his reservations for flights and for hotel rooms at the same time and place. Hotel chains also make it easy to reserve a room by telephone in key market cities. Many of the chains are, in fact, referral systems rather than corporate owned groups. In a referr

32、al system, the operators of individual hotels or motels pay a fee to a group that has joined together in a reservation system. In most cases, the establishment is inspected by the headquarters staff of the chain to ensure that it meets the chains standards, it can use the name and advertising symbol

33、, the logo for the group. In that case, the individual operation has become a chain member.Still another advantage for the chains is in increased sales potential for convention.As it is now a commonly accepted idea that conventions should combine business and pleasure, the practice of changing locations every year is very attractive to many sponsoring g