酒店业英文文献及翻译.docx

酒店业英文文献及翻译.docx

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酒店业英文文献及翻译

外文文献

Hotelindustry

Peoplehavebeenmakingalivingbyprovidingroomsfortravelerseversincethefirstlodginghouseswerebuilttoaccommodatetravelersinancienttimes.Today,hotelsofferfarmorethanjustaroomfortravelincreased.Motels,resorthotels,andconventionhotelshavebeendevelopedtocatertothevariedneedsoftoday’stravelingpublic.Atthesametime,hotelchainshaveestablishedthemselvesasthedominantforceintheindustry.

MotelsintheUnitedStatesevolvedfromtheroadsidetouristcabinsandtouristcourtsthatwerefirstintroducedintheearly1990sinresponsetotheincreaseintravel.AstheautomobilebegantoreplacethetrainastheprimarymeansoftravelintheUnitedStates,therewasanincreaseddemandforroadsideaccommodations.Thefirstmotelsbegantoappearinthe1920sandwereusuallyone-storeybuildings,withanaverageoftwenty-fiveunitsorrooms.

Motelsreallycameofageduringthe1950s.Twomainfactorscontributedtotheboominmotelconstruction.Onewasthedevelopmentoftheinterstatehighwaysystem,beginningin1956.Theotherwasthefirsttime,addedanumberofservices.Restaurantswimmingpools,andin-roomtelevisionbecamestandardfeatures.

Thenextstepinthedevelopmentofthemotelindustrywasthemoveawayfromhighwaylocationsintothedowntownsectionsoflargecities.Withtheincreaseinairtravel,motorhotelsalsobegantomoveouttotheairports.

Aresorthotelisonethatpeoplevisitforrelaxation,recreation,andentertainment.Theideaoftheresorthotelwasborninthe18thand19thcenturyEurope.SplendidhotelswerebuiltalongtheFrenchRivieraintheSwissAlps,andatvariousmineralspringsthroughoutthecontinent.TheresorthotelintheUnitedStatesdevelopedwiththeexpansionoftherailroadsinthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.Allcateredexclusivelytotherichandtotheuppermiddleclass.Familiesstayedfortwoorthreemonthsandreturnedtothesamehotelsyearafteryear.

Withtheriseinmasstourism,resorthotelshavebeenestablishedingreetnumbersatdestinationsthroughouttheworld.Someoftheseluxuryresorthotelshavesurvived,buttodaytheyareheavilyoutnumberedbyresorthotelsthatcatertoordinarypeoplewhostayfromdaystoweeks.Withincreasedleisuretimeandhigherwages,manypeoplenowtakeatleastonevacationawayfromhomeeachyear.Thejetairporthasopenedupareasoftheworldthatwerepreviouslyinaccessibletothevacationer.ResorthotelconstructionboomedintropicalareasuchastheCaribbeanandHawaii.

Aconventionhotelisonethatcaterstolargegroupgatherings.Theriseofconventionhotelshasbeenoneofthedevelopmentsinthehotelindustry,andconventioneersnowaccountforalmost20percentofallhotelguests.Manydowntownhotelssawoccupancylevelsdropduringthe1950sandearly1960sasmotelscapturedalargersegmentofthemarket.Inresponse,somehotelsbegantoaddfacilitiesforconventionsorothergroupgatheringsasameansofsurvival.Atfirst,conventionswerescheduledforoff-peakperiods,butasthevolumeofconventionbusinessincreased,theybegantobescheduledyear-round.

Thebusinessoflargehotelsthatcaterexclusivelytoconventiongroupsbegangoingupinthemajorcitiesinthelater1960s.Theyallfeatureawidevarietyofrestaurants,banquetrooms,meetingrooms,andconventionandexhibitionhalls.Resorthotels,motelsandairporthotelshavealsobeguntoofferconventionfacilities.

Thearrivalofthejetageledtothesecondmajorhotelbuildingperiodofthetwentiethcentury,lastingfrom1958to1974.Intheearlypartofthisperiod,thehotelchains’majorgoalsinplanningnewpropertieswereeconomy,efficiency,andstandardizationofdesign.ASheratonhotelinMiami,forexample,mightbealmostidenticaltoonenearly3,000milesawayinLosAngeles.Bythelate1960s,however,therewasareactionagainstthisuniformityofdesignandnewhotelarchitecturewasborn.TheopeningoftheHyattmarkedareturntothegrandeuroftheoldluxuryhotels.Scenicelevators,fountains,waterfalls,trees,hugesculptures,andbarsandcafesareincludedinthelobbysothatitwasnolongerjustaplaceforregistrationandcheckout;italsobecamethemaineating,drinking,andmeetingarea.ThesuccessoftheAtlantaHyattRegencyledtothebuildingofsimilaratriumhotelsincitiesandcombinecommercial,office,andhotelfacilitieswithsportsandrecreationalfacilities.

Thesmallcountryinnisatypeoflodgingplacethathassurvivedbyofferingincreasedserviceandfacilities.Infact,manyturnawayfromsuchmodernconveniencesasin-roomtelevision,radios,andtelephones.Instead,theyoffertheattractionofoldworldcharmandcozinessinascenicorhistoricsetting.Guestsmightexpecttofindworkingfireplacesintheirrooms,handmadequiltsontheirbeds,andantiquefurniturethroughouttheinn.Manyoftheinnsaredirectdescendantsoftheoldinnsandtavernsthatflourishedalongstagecoachroutes200yearsago.Thesmallercountryinns,sometimeswithasfewasthreeorfourrooms,areusuallyrunbyfriendlycoupleswhopridethemselvesonthecomfortandcleanlinessoftheiraccommodationsandthequalityofthefoodthattheyserve.

Someofthelargerchainhotels（e.g.HolidayInns）usethenameinn.Motorinns,however,shouldnotbeconfusedwithcountryinns.Thechainsusethenametosuggestafeelingofwarmthandfriendliness,thoughtheirpropertiesquitedifferentfromthemoreintimatecountryinns.

Forcenturies,thehotelbusinesscouldwellbusinesscouldwellbedescribedasacottageindustry,becauseeachhotelwasaprivately-owned,independententerprise.Occasionally,awell-knowhotelwouldsuccessfullyproduceafewnamesakesunderthesamemanagement,butsuchexampleswerefew.ThefirstnotableexceptionwastheCaesarRitzgroup.E.M.Statlerwasthefirsttopointouttheeconomicandfinancialadvantagesofoperatingseverallargehotelsunderasinglemanagement.DespiteStatler’ssuccess,thechainconceptwasslowtocatchonintheperiodbetweenthetwoworldwars.Lateron,ConradHilton,inparticular,becametheoriginatorcontributingtothegrowthofthehotelmanagementcompany.KemmonsWelsonandWallaceJohnson,foundersofHolidayInn,fullyenrichedthechainconceptbyfranchisingtheHolidayInnnameandestablishinganationalreservationnetwork.

Thechainshaveexpandedinanumberofways.Oneisthroughdirectinvestment.Itmeansthattheheadquarterscorporationitselfputsupthenecessaryfundtobuildandoperateanewhotelortobuyandrenovateanoldone.Anotherisbyestablishingmanagementcontractswiththeactualownerofthehotel,wherebythechainactuallytakesoveranemptybuildingandoperatesitaccordingtoitsownoperatingproceduresforafeeorforapercentageoftheprofits.Thismethodisfrequentlyusedwhenthechainexpendsintoaforeigncountry.Asomewhatsimilarmethodisthejointventure,apartnershipinwhichboththechainandlocalinvestorsputuppartofthecapitalthatisnecessaryfornewconstructionorthepurchaseofanexistingbuilding.Yetanotherwaywidelyusedisfranchising.Itisaleasingarrangementthatrequiresthehoteloperatortopayafeefortheuseoftheplans,manualsofprocedureandadvertisingmaterials.Inreturn,thehoteloperatorisgrantedalicensetooperateabusinessunderthenameoftheparentcorporation.Thefranchiseoperatorputsupthecapital,buthegetsastandardizedproductwithapredictablesalespotential.Hecanofcoursealsogetalotofhelpfromthelicensingcorporationinestablishinghisoperationandtheninsolvingproblemsthatariseafterithasopened.Somefranchiseoperationsarealsojointventures,withboththecorporationandtheindividualownersupplyingpartoftheinitialcapital.

Therearemanyimportantcompetitiveadvantagesthatthehotelchainshaveovertheindividuallyoperatedhotels.Thefirstistheresourcesandmoneyonadvertisingandpublic-relationsprofessionalsatchains’headquarters,whopreparepublicitycampaignsforthechainasawhole.

Asecondadvantagecomesfromthestandardizationofequipmentandoperatingprocedures.Thechainspublishdetailedmanualsthatspecifystandardizedprocedurestobefollowedeveninsuchtasksasmakingbedsandsettingtables.Evenwhenthedifferenthotelsinthechainarenottightlycontrolledbyacentraloffice,itiscustomarytohaveaninspectionsysteminordertoguaranteetheoverallstandards.

Themostimportantandmostobviousadvantageistheincreasedefficiencyinmakingandcontrollingreservations.Aguestatonehotel,forinstance,canreceiveconfirmationofaroomatanotherwithinafewminutes.Whenachainisownedbyanairline,thetravelercanmakehisreservationsforflightsandforhotelroomsatthesametimeandplace.Hotelchainsalsomakeiteasytoreservearoombytelephoneinkeymarketcities.Manyofthechainsare,infact,referralsystemsratherthancorporateownedgroups.Inareferralsystem,theoperatorsofindividualhotelsormotelspayafeetoagroupthathasjoinedtogetherinareservationsystem.Inmostcases,theestablishmentisinspectedbytheheadquartersstaffofthechaintoensurethatitmeetsthechain’sstandards,itcanusethenameandadvertisingsymbol,thelogoforthegroup.Inthatcase,theindividualoperationhasbecomeachainmember.

Stillanotheradvantageforthechainsisinincreasedsalespotentialforconvention.

Asitisnowacommonlyacceptedideathatconventionsshouldcombinebusinessandpleasure,thepracticeofchanginglocationseveryyearisveryattractivetomanysponsoringg