修辞复习.docx

1、修辞复习Figures of speech / Rhetorical devices Definition: Figures of speech are forms of expression that depart from normal word or sentence order or from the common literal meaning of words, for the purpose of achieving a special effect. Classification of figures of speech:1. Figures of resemblance or

2、 relationship2. Figures of emphasis or understatement.3. Figures of sound.4. Verbal games and gymnastics. (文字游戏修辞格)1. Figures of resemblance or relationshipSimile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in co

3、mmon. To make the comparison, words like as, as.as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like，as，as if，as thou

4、gh等，例如：1. This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。2. He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。3. It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.它

5、那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。Metaphor：(暗喻; 隐喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之 间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。1、German guns

6、 and German planes rained down bombs，shells and bullets德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。Metonymy:转喻，借代 The substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated. For instance, The pen (word

7、s) is mightier than the sword (forces).转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一 种。如用“华盛顿” 代替 “美政府” 或用 “剑” 代替 “军事力量”Synecdoche: 提喻It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, They say theres bread and work for all.

8、She was dressed in silks.提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般。例如:1. There are about 100 hands working in his factory.他的厂里约有100名工人.2. He is the Newton of this century.他是本世纪的牛顿.3. The fox goes very well with your cap.这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.Personification: 拟人 a figure that endows objects, animals, ideas, or abstractions

9、 with human form, character, or sensibility. There are three chief kinds of personifications:1) that produced by the use of adjectives. E.g.the blushing rose; the thirsty ground2) that produced by the use of verbs. E.g.the kettle sings; the waves danced3) that produced by the use of nouns. E.g. the

10、smiles of spring; the whisper of leavesEuphemism: (委婉语）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to die as pass away.1. He is out visiting the necessary. 他出去方便一下.2. His relation with his wife

11、has not been fortunate.他与妻子关系不融洽.3. The gentleman is misinformed. (= lied)2. Figures of emphasis or understatement.Hyperbole: (夸张） It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.1、My blood froze.我的血液都凝固了。2、When I told our father a

12、bout this，his heart burst.当我将这件事告诉我们的父亲时，他的心几乎要迸出来。3、My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughters voice on the phone.从电话里一听到我女儿的声音，我的心几乎停止跳动。Understatement: (含蓄陈述）A figure of speech in which a writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is. Co

13、ntrast with hyperbole. It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, 1. It is no laughing

14、matter. 不是开玩笑的事情；正经事；严肃的事情2. Its just a flesh wound. 皮肉伤；轻伤 ( after having both of his arms cut off)Antithesis: (对照,对比,对偶) The juxtaposition(并列) of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases or clauses. The setting of contrasting 这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.例如:1.Not that I loved Caeser less but that I l

15、oved Romemore.2.You are staying; I am going.3.Give me liberty, or give me death.4.Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing.(Goethe)Rhetorical question: (修辞疑问) A question asked merely for effect with no answer expected. The answer may be obvious or immediately provided by the questioner. 它与疑问句的不

16、同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的.e.g. If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? (Shelley, Ode to the West Wind)Irony：反语 It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the oppo

17、site of their usual sense. It is an effective literary device because it gives the impression of great restraint. For instance, 1. We are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.2. He was my friend, faithful and just to me.反语：用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法,以达到幽默和讽刺的效果。Sarcasm: (讽刺） Sarcasm is a strong f

18、orm of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, 1. “Oh, youre really a great friend, arent you?”(addressed to one who wont lend the seaker 5 yuan)2. He is very generous indeed. (referring to

19、one who wont lend the speaker his dictionary)Ridicule: 嘲笑，愚弄 instance of being made fun of. 1. Bryan, ageing and paunchy, 2. Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.Satire 讽刺；讽刺文学；讽刺作品It generally refers to a piece of literary workprose, poetry or dramaand generally not to a single sentence. For examp

20、le,Jonathan Swifts “A Modest Proposal” is a piece of satire.Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰） a kind of paradox(自相矛盾；似是而非的隽语) or antithesis that links together two sharply contrasting terms, as “bitter-sweet memories”, “orderly chaos(混乱)” and “proud humility(侮辱)”, “cheerful pessimist”, “the wisest fool”, “living dea

21、ths”, “freezing fires”, “glorious defeat”, etc.这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.Climax: 层进法A series of statements or ideas in an ascending order of rhetorical force or intensity.层进法：在不断增强的修辞力度或强度中使用的一系列陈述和方法这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小.轻重.深浅.高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点.可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象. 例如:1.I am sorry, I am

22、 so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.2. I came, I saw, I conquered.3.I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat.(Winston Churchill, speech to the House of Commons, May 13, 1940)4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (Francis Bacon

23、, Of Studies)Anti-climax: 渐降法 Anti-climax, as used in the text, states ones thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity from strong to weak, from weighty to light. It has achieved a humorous or surprised or even a sarcastic effect when the mayor was introducing his city to the visito

24、rs, who were expecting his answer to have something to do with the atom bomb, but who ironically heard “oysters” in the end.渐降表述概念的方式是使意义强烈的语言按照步步降低的语气顺序排列，语势由强而弱，语气由重到轻，有此达到取笑、讽刺或是喜剧的效果。E.g. 1.On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.2.The duties of a

25、 soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.3.The holy passion of Friendship is of so sweet and steady and loyal and enduring a nature that it will last through a whole lifetime, if not asked to lend money.(Mark Twain)3. Figures of sound.Alliteration: (头韵） It has to do with the sound rathe

26、r than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called front rhyme. It should be used only when the writer makes a strong emotional response to his subject. For

27、instance, 1. Colonel Mueller neither forgives nor forgets.2. The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.Assonance: (谐音，类韵) the use of the same, or related, vowel sounds in successive words. E.g. 1. a deep green stream2. I arise from dreams of theeIn the first sweet sleep of

28、night (Shelley, The Indian Serenade)Onomatopoeia: (拟声） It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement. E.g. 1. “hiss嘶嘶声” or “buzz嗡嗡声”2. The moan of doves in immemorial elms,A

29、nd murmuring of innumerable bees. (Lord Alfred Tennyson, The Princess)3. The ice was all around:It cracked and growled, and roared and howled. (Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)4. Verbal games and gymnastics.Pun: (双关语）A play on words, either on different senses of the same word or on the s

30、imilar sense or sound of different words. It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, 1. A cannon-bal(炮弹)l took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here arms has two meanings: a persons body; weapons carried by a soldier.)2. Seven days without water m

31、ake one weak (week).Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词） It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.Synae

32、sthesia: (通感,联觉,移觉) 就是在描述客观事物时，用形象的语言使感觉转移，将人的听觉、视觉、嗅觉、味觉、触觉等不同感觉互相沟通、交错，彼此挪移转换，将本来表示甲感觉的词语移用来表示乙感觉，使意象更为活泼、新奇的一种修辞格。最典型的例子：微风过处,送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”(朱自清荷塘月色) 清香乃是嗅觉，歌声乃是听觉，作者将两种感觉互通，即为通感。例如: 1. The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音.2. Taste the music of Mozart. 品尝Mozart的音乐.3. rough taste; harsh colour; soft sound; sour smell; sweet sound; deep red; high soundLesson 1 S