修辞复习.docx

修辞复习.docx

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修辞复习

Figuresofspeech/Rhetoricaldevices

●Definition:

Figuresofspeechareformsofexpressionthatdepartfromnormalwordorsentenceorderorfromthecommonliteralmeaningofwords,forthepurposeofachievingaspecialeffect.

●Classificationoffiguresofspeech:

1.Figuresofresemblanceorrelationship

2.Figuresofemphasisorunderstatement.

3.Figuresofsound.

4.Verbalgamesandgymnastics.（文字游戏修辞格）

1.Figuresofresemblanceorrelationship

Simile：

（明喻）Itisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristic（特性）incommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.Forexample,Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.

明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。

常用比喻词like，as，asif，asthough等，例如：

1.Thiselephantislikeasnakeasanybodycansee.这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。

2.Helookedasifhehadjuststeppedoutofmybookoffairytalesandhadpassedmelikeaspirit.他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。

3.Ithaslongleavesthatswayinthewindlikeslimfingersreachingtotouchsomething.它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。

Metaphor：

（暗喻;隐喻）Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Forexample,theworldisastage.

隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。

1、GermangunsandGermanplanesraineddownbombs，shellsandbullets……

德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。

2、Thediamonddepartmentwastheheartandcenterofthestore.

钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。

Metonymy:

转喻，借代Thesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.Forinstance,

Thepen（words）ismightierthanthesword（forces）.

转喻：

一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。

如用“华盛顿”代替“美政府”或用“剑”代替“军事力量”

Synecdoche:

提喻Itisinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.Forinstance,Theysaythere'sbreadandworkforall.Shewasdressedinsilks.

提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般。

例如:

1.Thereareabout100handsworkinginhisfactory.

他的厂里约有100名工人.

2.HeistheNewtonofthiscentury.

他是本世纪的牛顿.

3.Thefoxgoesverywellwithyourcap.

这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.

Personification:

拟人afigurethatendowsobjects,animals,ideas,orabstractionswithhumanform,character,orsensibility.Therearethreechiefkindsofpersonifications:

1）thatproducedbytheuseofadjectives.E.g.

theblushingrose;thethirstyground

2）thatproducedbytheuseofverbs.E.g.

thekettlesings;thewavesdanced

3）thatproducedbytheuseofnouns.E.g.

thesmilesofspring;thewhisperofleaves

Euphemism:

（委婉语）Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive（无冒犯）expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.Forinstance,wereferto"die"as"passaway".

1.Heisoutvisitingthenecessary.他出去方便一下.

2.Hisrelationwithhiswifehasnotbeenfortunate.他与妻子关系不融洽.

3.Thegentlemanismisinformed.（=lied）

2.Figuresofemphasisorunderstatement.

Hyperbole:

（夸张）Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.Forinstance,healmostdiedlaughing.

1、Mybloodfroze.

我的血液都凝固了。

2、WhenItoldourfatheraboutthis，hisheartburst.

当我将这件事告诉我们的父亲时，他的心几乎要迸出来。

3、MyheartalmoststoppedbeatingwhenIheardmydaughter’svoiceonthephone.

从电话里一听到我女儿的声音，我的心几乎停止跳动。

Understatement:

（含蓄陈述）Afigureofspeechinwhichawriterorspeakerdeliberatelymakesasituationseemlessimportantorseriousthanitis.Contrastwithhyperbole.Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately（故意地）understatingit,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.Forinstance,

1.Itisnolaughingmatter.不是开玩笑的事情；正经事；严肃的事情

2."It'sjustafleshwound."皮肉伤；轻伤（afterhavingbothofhisarmscutoff）

Antithesis:

（对照,对比,对偶）Thejuxtaposition（并列）ofcontrastingideasinbalancedphrasesorclauses.Thesettingofcontrasting

这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.

例如:

1.NotthatIlovedCaeserlessbutthatIlovedRomemore.

2.Youarestaying;Iamgoing.

3.Givemeliberty,orgivemedeath.

4."Loveisanidealthing,marriagearealthing."

（Goethe）

Rhetoricalquestion:

（修辞疑问）Aquestionaskedmerelyforeffectwithnoanswerexpected.Theanswermaybeobviousorimmediatelyprovidedbythequestioner.

它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:

肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的.

e.g.IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?

（Shelley,OdetotheWestWind）

Irony：

反语Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.Itisaneffectiveliterarydevicebecauseitgivestheimpressionofgreatrestraint.Forinstance,

1.Wearelucky,whatyousaidmakesmefeelrealgood.

2.Hewasmyfriend,faithfulandjusttome.

反语：

用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法,以达到幽默和讽刺的效果。

Sarcasm:

（讽刺）Sarcasmisastrongformofirony.Itattacksinatauntingandbittermanner,anditsaimistodisparage,ridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.Forexample,

1.“Oh,you’rereallyagreatfriend,aren’tyou?

”（addressedtoonewhowon’tlendtheseaker5yuan）

2.Heisverygenerousindeed.（referringtoonewhowon’tlendthespeakerhisdictionary）

Ridicule:

嘲笑，愚弄instanceofbeingmadefunof.

1.Bryan,ageingandpaunchy,…

2.Bryanmoppedhisbalddomeinsilence.

Satire讽刺；讽刺文学；讽刺作品Itgenerallyreferstoapieceofliterarywork—prose,poetryordrama—andgenerallynottoasinglesentence.Forexample,

JonathanSwift’s“AModestProposal”isapieceofsatire.

Oxymoron:

（矛盾修饰）akindofparadox（自相矛盾；似是而非的隽语）orantithesisthatlinkstogethertwosharplycontrastingterms,as“bitter-sweetmemories”,“orderlychaos（混乱）”and“proudhumility（侮辱）”,“cheerfulpessimist”,“thewisestfool”,“livingdeaths”,“freezingfires”,“gloriousdefeat”,etc.

这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.

Climax:

层进法Aseriesofstatementsorideasinanascendingorderofrhetoricalforceorintensity.

层进法：

在不断增强的修辞力度或强度中使用的一系列陈述和方法　这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小.轻重.深浅.高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点.可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象.例如:

1.Iamsorry,Iamsosorry,Iamsoextremelysorry.

2.Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.

3."Ihavenothingtoofferbutblood,toil,tears,andsweat."

（WinstonChurchill,speechtotheHouseofCommons,May13,1940）

4.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.（FrancisBacon,OfStudies）

Anti-climax:

渐降法Anti-climax,asusedinthetext,statesone’sthoughtsinadescendingorderofsignificanceorintensityfromstrongtoweak,fromweightytolight.Ithasachievedahumorousorsurprisedorevenasarcasticeffectwhenthemayorwasintroducinghiscitytothevisitors,whowereexpectinghisanswertohavesomethingtodowiththeatombomb,butwhoironicallyheard“oysters”intheend.

渐降表述概念的方式是使意义强烈的语言按照步步降低的语气顺序排列，语势由强而弱，语气由重到轻，有此达到取笑、讽刺或是喜剧的效果。

E.g.

1.Onhisbreasthewearshisdecorations,athissideasword,onhisfeetapairofboots.

2.Thedutiesofasoldieraretoprotecthiscountryandpeelpotatoes.

3."TheholypassionofFriendshipisofsosweetandsteadyandloyalandenduringanaturethatitwilllastthroughawholelifetime,ifnotaskedtolendmoney."（MarkTwain）

3.Figuresofsound.

Alliteration:

（头韵）Ithastodowiththesoundratherthanthesenseofwordsforeffect.Itisadevicethatrepeatsthesamesoundatfrequentintervals（间隔）andsincethesoundrepeatedisusuallytheinitialconsonantsound,itisalsocalled"frontrhyme".Itshouldbeusedonlywhenthewritermakesastrongemotionalresponsetohissubject.Forinstance,

1.ColonelMuellerneitherforgivesnorforgets.

2.Thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,thefurrowfollowedfree.

Assonance:

（谐音，类韵）theuseofthesame,orrelated,vowelsoundsinsuccessivewords.E.g.

1.adeepgreenstream

2.Iarisefromdreamsofthee

Inthefirstsweetsleepofnight（Shelley,TheIndianSerenade）

Onomatopoeia:

（拟声）Itisadevicethatuseswordswhichimitatethesoundsmadebyanobject（animateorinanimate）,orwhichareassociatedwithorsuggestive（提示的）ofsomeactionormovement.E.g.

1.“hiss嘶嘶声”or“buzz嗡嗡声”

2.Themoanofdovesinimmemorialelms,

Andmurmuringofinnumerablebees.（LordAlfredTennyson,ThePrincess）

3.Theicewasallaround:

Itcrackedandgrowled,androaredandhowled.（Coleridge:

TheRimeoftheAncientMariner）

4.Verbalgamesandgymnastics.

Pun:

（双关语）Aplayonwords,eitherondifferentsensesofthesamewordoronthesimilarsenseorsoundofdifferentwords.Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.Forinstance,

1.Acannon-bal（炮弹）ltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.（Here"arms"hastwomeanings:

aperson'sbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.）

2.Sevendayswithoutwatermakeoneweak（week）.

TransferredEpithet:

（转类形容词）Itisafigureofspeechwhereanepithet（anadjectiveordescriptivephrase）istransferredfromthenounitshouldrightlymodify（修饰）toanothertowhichitdoesnotreallyapplyorbelong.Forinstance,

Ispentsleeplessnightsonmyproject.

Synaesthesia:

（通感,联觉,移觉）就是在描述客观事物时，用形象的语言使感觉转移，将人的听觉、视觉、嗅觉、味觉、触觉等不同感觉互相沟通、交错，彼此挪移转换，将本来表示甲感觉的词语移用来表示乙感觉，使意象更为活泼、新奇的一种修辞格。

最典型的例子：

微风过处,送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”（朱自清《荷塘月色》）清香乃是嗅觉，歌声乃是听觉，作者将两种感觉互通，即为通感。

例如:

1.Thebirdssatuponatreeandpouredforththeirlilylikevoice.鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音.

2.TastethemusicofMozart.品尝Mozart的音乐.

3.roughtaste;harshcolour;softsound;soursmell;sweetsound;deepred;highsound

Lesson1

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