介词是一种用来表示词与词词与句之间的关系的词.docx

1、介词是一种用来表示词与词词与句之间的关系的词定语从句（三）非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句起补充附带说明的作用，缺少它也不会影响全句的理解，译为汉语时常常不译作定语，而根据句意翻译为相应的其他形式的从句。它与主语的关系不像限定性定语从句的关系那样密切。在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如果把非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都要用逗号与主句隔开。1. 引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词如下表所示：指代对象指代人指代物主格who宾语whomwhich, as所有格whom, of whom, whosewhich, of which, whose注意：关系代词that不能引导非限定性定语从

2、句。 引导非限定性定语从句的关系副词主要有when, where。不可用why。2. 运用非限定性定语从句的情况：（1）关系代词指代整个主句内容 e.g. Our new house has a lovely garden, which makes us very happy.（2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.（3）当出现some, many, few, a few, little, much, most, two o

3、f which, whom等结构时 e.g. Youve made many mistakes, most of which were due to your carelessness.3. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。The accident happened at the time when I left.非限制性定语从句对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关

4、系代词做宾语时也不能省略。His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.非限制性定语从句主要在以下方面不同于限制性定语从句： 非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，它不是对先行词进行修饰或确定，只是对先行词作些附加的说明。专有名词通常被非限制性定语从句所修饰。例如：地名，人名，国家名等。 非限制性定语从句不是先行词必不可少的修饰语，因此如果去掉从句，主句的意思仍然清楚。 从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，翻译时复合句通常译成两句话。 与限制性定语从句一样，非限制性定语从句也可用关系代词who, which, whom, whose, a

5、s和关系副词when, where, why 引导。that不引导非限制性定语从句。例如：1 We will fly to Xian first, where we plan to stay for a couple of days.我们将先飞往西安，在那里我们打算停留两天。2 My wife, who is a doctor, is working abroad this year.我的妻子是位医生，她今年在国外工作。3 As is known to all, ice is water in its solid state.众所周知，冰是水的固态。非限制性定语从句中值得注意的几个问题 在wh

6、ich引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词可以是一个名词或代词，也可以是句子的一部分，甚至整个句子。例如：1 My new car, which I paid several thousand dollars for, isnt running well. 先行词是car2 He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true. 先行词是he had never seen her before which和as引导的非限制性定语从句比较which和as都可引导非限制性定语从句，并且先行词都可以是一句句子，但which通常指代上文提

7、到的情况，而as则可以指代上文或下文。 as 在这类句子中经常有“正如”的意思。另外，as还经常与such, the same 等连用。（见第一讲中as 引导的定语从句）例如：1 He has to work on Sundays, which he doesnt like.2 As we expected, he gave a wonderful performance.3 Mike is late, as is often the case.4 I never heard such stories as he told.5 She knew he felt just the same as

8、 she did. 在从句中作宾语的关系代词which, who, whom一般不省略。例如：1 Jeanne was her old friend, from whom she borrowed a necklace.2 He built a telescope, through which he could study the skies.4. as与which的区别：定语从句区别例句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such books as y

9、ou cant understand. 非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.关系代词as引导的定语从句 和such连用，这时的as相当于who, which。有时such和as

10、连在一起例如： Wendy is not such a fool as she looks. Such cars as I saw were too expensive to me. We had hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had.注意：这种用法和such that 的区别在such as 中，as是关系代词，它在从句中充当成分。例中作looks的表语，在例和中分别作saw和had的宾语。而在such that 中that引导的结果状语从句，解释为“以至于”。that不充当任何成分，只起语法上的连接作用。例如：1 S

11、he gave me such a surprise that I couldnt say anything at that moment.2 His idea was such a good one that we all agreed to use it. 和same连用例如： You must show my friend the same respect as you show me. She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister usually does. 引导非限制性定语从句例如： She was the one I met at

12、 the party, as you know. As was natural, she married Robin.5. 定语从句和其它从句的区分很多高三的同学在解题时发现，有时难以区分定语从句，表语从句，时间、地点状语从句和强调句。解决这一问题的关键在于牢记：1 定语从句一定有先行词2 定语从句的关系代词和关系副词在从句中一定充当成分。我们来看具体的从句的比较：（一）定语从句和表语从句例1 1) This is where your father worked when he was young.此句没有先行词，where 引导的是表语从句，where相当于“the place where

13、”，解释为“的地方”。2) This is the shop where my brother once worked.此句中where引导的是定语从句， 先行词是：the shop。（二）定语从句和状语从句例2 1) Lets do it when we are free.此句中没有先行词，when引导的是状语从句。2) Lets do it next month, when we are free.这里when引导的是定语从句，先行词是next month。又如：1) Put it where it was. where引导的是地点状语从句，无先行词。2) Put it in the dr

14、awer where I keep documents. where引导的是定语从句。（三）定语从句和强调句例 1) Where did you interview the composer?It was in the hotel _ he stayed.A. where B. that此句看上去很像强调句型，很多同学因而错选B。但选B后意思是：他住在宾馆里。不能回答上文中提出的问题。而应该选A，句子的意思是：是在他住的宾馆。所以，正确地解这一题除了要求对定语从句和强调句型有很好的掌握以外，还考查了对题目所给出的语境的理解。（四）定语从句和并列句例 1) There are 45 studen

15、ts in our class, of whom two fifths are girls. of whom/which +分数/百分数/ both / all / none / some / many 这样的结构常出现在定语从句中，尤其是在较正式的文体中。更常见的是：分数/百分数/ both / all +of whom/which， 此句是定语从句。2) There are 45 students in our class, and two fifths of them are girls.此句中的第二分句由并列连词and引起，因此，不是定语从句。反意疑问句一、基本用法与结构 反意疑问句由“陈述句+简单疑问句”两部分组成，第一部分提出一种看法，第二部分用来质疑或表示证实。陈述部分与疑问部分的动词时态和动词性质应保持一致，而且肯定和否定形式彼此相反，即陈述部分为肯定式时，疑问部分用否定式，陈述部分为否定式时，疑问部分用肯定式： He likes English, doesnt he? 他喜欢英语，不是吗？