同等学力申硕英语考试.docx

1、同等学力申硕英语考试ParagraphsI. What is a good, effective paragraph?-all the sentences in the paragraph are focused on one central thought or on a single topic.-it develops naturally and smoothly, with one sentence leading to another logically.-it fulfills what it sets out to say.Topic SentenceUnityUnityUnit

2、y1. Paragraph UnityUnity is concerned with the content of a paragraph. A unified paragraph discusses only one topic or one aspect of a topic. Only one central idea or theme it may have. When a new idea is generated, a new paragraph must begin. Sample 1We Americans are incredibly lazy. Instead of coo

3、king a simple, nourishing meal, we pop frozen dinner into the oven. Instead of studying a daily newspaper, we are contented with the capsule summaries on the network news. Worst of all, instead of walking even a few blocks to the local convenience store, we jump into our cars. Sample 2When people si

4、t down to eat, they unconsciously reveal their personal habits. The color of the food that they order indicates their tastes. For instance, a person who orders red, yellow, and orange foods usually wears brightly colored clothes and lives in an apartment decorated in lively colors. The texture of th

5、e food gives clues to the way that people deal with life situations. The diner who prefers such crunchy foods as crackers probably meets the day-to-day conflicts head-on while the diner who orders soft creamy foods will go to almost any length to avoid conflicts. Finally, the manner in which people

6、eat their meals reveals their work habits. Those that eat all of their food at the same time probably have four or five things going on; those that finish one dish before beginning another one may be capable of handling only one project at a time.Topic SentenceA topic sentence will help you focus on

7、 your subject, but if it is expressed in terms that are too general, it will be less likely to help you achieve unity. Marriage for couples under twenty is foolish.Married couples under twenty have more problems than those over twenty.Taking a course in English composition is beneficial.Taking a cou

8、rse in English composition is beneficial at least in three ways.College students could make better use of their leisure time.College students could make better use of their leisure time by cultivating one or two hobbies.2. Paragraph CoherenceWays to achieve coherence:Using parallel structuresRepeati

9、ng words or word groupsUsing pronouns to refer to nouns in preceding sentencesUsing transitional expressionsSample 1Americans are queer people: they cant play. They rush to work as soon as they grow up. They want their work as soon as they wake. They used to open their offices at ten oclock; then at

10、 nine; then at eight; then at seven. Now they never shut them. Sample 2People differ from one another; they have different likes and dislikes; they have their own interests and way of doing things. Yet they all need to get along with someone well. Sometimes they need to work with someone; sometimes

11、they need to live with someone; and sometimes they need to play with someone. Whatever they do, they are not doing it all themselves.Sample 3Unlike oral English, written English is comparatively formal. It requires good spelling and perfect grammar. Poor spelling and too many grammatical mistakes wi

12、ll put readers in a puzzling difficulty. They would be confused about what writers are getting at. In addition, once the words are printed on the paper and handed to whomever the person concerned, writers can no longer make any changes. To avoid this one has to pay much attention to spelling, practi

13、ce grammar and write clearly-constructed paragraphs. As a result, it will take longer and much more efforts to communicate in written English than in oral English.3. Paragraph DevelopmentChronologic OrderOne of the simplest ways of arranging details in a paragraph is to put them in time order or in

14、chronological sequencing. first.;then; next; before;after.;finallynot.until.;until after.;Spatial orderSeating myself in the back desk on the row next to the door, I decided that this English classroom was just like every other English classroom. The front portion of the room contained the expected

15、classroom items. At the front was a drab green chalkboard covered with white and yellow markings. To the left of the board was a dictionary stand that held a very thick dictionary.Directly in front of the board was the instructors large impressive desk. The sides of the room resembled those of an or

16、dinary classroom. Six windows were located along the left wall. They were covered by dusty broken blinds.Nothing was unusual about the middle of the room. Student desks were neatly arranged in six rows of eight desks each. I was sitting in the eighth desk on the first row As the bell sounded and the

17、 instructor walked in, I concluded that we were going to have an ordinary English class in an ordinary classroomOrder of importanceSince I began living in an apartment and going to school, my biggest problem has been the housework. Cleaning the apartment is not too bad; although it takes time away f

18、rom my studies; at least when I finish the apartment looks nice. Cooking my food is a bigger problem. I have never had to cook before, and usually the results are discouraging. Sometimes the food is burned, sometimes it is not cooked enough, and sometimes I have not measured correctly, so the food t

19、astes terrible. Shopping for my food is more difficult because I dont know the English names of many foods, and often I have to spend extra time asking for help. The worst problem is doing my laundry. The Laundromat is far from my apartment, and I waste much valuable time. I also have trouble with t

20、he complicated instructions, so occasionally I end up with pink socks or a shirt that is too small. Mostly I am embarrassed as I sit in the Laundromat with all the women, and so I wait until all my clothes are dirty before I do this horrible task.Comparison and ContrastGroups are as good or bad as t

21、he individuals who make them up. Crowds, on the other hand, are entirely different from their individual members. While groups can act intelligently and exercise a sense of responsibility, crowds are chaotic and incapable of intelligent actions. Men and women in a group can think; those in a crowd l

22、ose all their rationality. Crowds, unlike groups, are subject to herd-poisoning.Cause-and-Effect Analysis1. Cause to effectPeople tend to learn in different ways. Some are very analytical and need a rule for everything. Others are more intuitive; they prefer to gather examples and imitate them. Some

23、 need lots of repetition, while others require less. In a classroom situation, the teacher cannot tailor the approach to each individual student. Therefore, you cannot always rely on your teacher to provide you with an approach that is particularly designed for you. You need to experiment in order t

24、o discover what works best.2. Effect to causesFor over twenty years, from the 1960s to the 1980s, the college board scores of high school seniors steadily declined. This decline began soon after television became popular, and therefore many people concluded that the two events were connected. But ma

25、ny other elements might also have contributed to the lowering of test scores. During the same period, for example, many schools reduced the number of required courses and de-emphasized traditional subjects and skills, such as reading. Furthermore, during the 1960s and 1970s, many colleges changed th

26、eir policies and admitted students who previously would not have qualified. These new admission standards encouraged students who would not have taken college boards in earlier years to take the tests. Therefore, the scores may have been lower because they now measured the top third of high school s

27、eniors rather than the top fifth. 3. Cause to effectsWatching television may have made those same students better observers and listeners, even if they did less well on standardized written tests. It may have given them a national or even international outlook instead of a narrow interest in local a

28、ffairs. In other words, even if watching television may have limited people in some ways, it may have broadened them in others.4. Causal ChainAs the public becomes more aware of the nature of alcoholism, the social disreputation attached to it decreases; alcoholics and their families tend to conceal

29、 it less, and diagnosis is not delayed as long. Earlier treatment has led to encouragingly high recovery rates.Your boss has a bigger vocabulary than you have. Thats one good reason why he is your boss. But if you can consciously increase your vocabulary you will unconsciously raise yourself to a mo

30、re important station in your life, and the new and higher position you have won will, in turn, give you a better opportunity for further enriching your vocabulary. It is a beautiful and successful cycle.More often than not, you would find people live to celebrate their 100th birthday, and it is not

31、unusual to see people aged 100 to 140 work in the fields with their great-great-grandchildren. What accounts for this ability to survive to such an old age, and to survive so well? First of all, physical work may be taken as one of the major reasons. Secondly, the environment they are living in shou

32、ld never be ignored as a key factor. Another factor that may contribute to their longevity may be found in their freedom from mental pressures. Inherited or generic factors may also play a role in the case. Apart from that, their daily diets should also be taken into account when we are trying to trace the reasons for the longevity. Finally, being optimistic can also make the difference between longer and shorter lives.Useful Words and Express