同等学力申硕英语考试.docx

同等学力申硕英语考试.docx

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同等学力申硕英语考试

Paragraphs

I.Whatisagood,effectiveparagraph?

●---allthesentencesintheparagrapharefocusedononecentralthoughtoronasingletopic.

●---itdevelopsnaturallyandsmoothly,withonesentenceleadingtoanotherlogically.

●---itfulfillswhatitsetsouttosay.

TopicSentence

Unity

Unity

Unity

1.ParagraphUnity

Unityisconcernedwiththecontentofaparagraph.Aunifiedparagraphdiscussesonlyonetopicoroneaspectofatopic.Onlyonecentralideaorthemeitmayhave.Whenanewideaisgenerated,anewparagraphmustbegin.

Sample1

WeAmericansareincrediblylazy.Insteadofcookingasimple,nourishingmeal,wepopfrozendinnerintotheoven.Insteadofstudyingadailynewspaper,wearecontentedwiththecapsulesummariesonthenetworknews.Worstofall,insteadofwalkingevenafewblockstothelocalconveniencestore,wejumpintoourcars.

Sample2

Whenpeoplesitdowntoeat,theyunconsciouslyrevealtheirpersonalhabits.Thecolorofthefoodthattheyorderindicatestheirtastes.Forinstance,apersonwhoordersred,yellow,andorangefoodsusuallywearsbrightlycoloredclothesandlivesinanapartmentdecoratedinlivelycolors.Thetextureofthefoodgivescluestothewaythatpeopledealwithlifesituations.Thedinerwhopreferssuchcrunchyfoodsascrackersprobablymeetstheday-to-dayconflictshead-onwhilethedinerwhoorderssoftcreamyfoodswillgotoalmostanylengthtoavoidconflicts.Finally,themannerinwhichpeopleeattheirmealsrevealstheirworkhabits.Thosethateatalloftheirfoodatthesametimeprobablyhavefourorfivethingsgoingon;thosethatfinishonedishbeforebeginninganotheronemaybecapableofhandlingonlyoneprojectatatime.

TopicSentence

Atopicsentencewillhelpyoufocusonyoursubject,butifitisexpressedintermsthataretoogeneral,itwillbelesslikelytohelpyouachieveunity.

●Marriageforcouplesundertwentyisfoolish.

●Marriedcouplesundertwentyhavemoreproblemsthanthoseovertwenty.

●TakingacourseinEnglishcompositionisbeneficial.

●TakingacourseinEnglishcompositionisbeneficialatleastinthreeways.

●Collegestudentscouldmakebetteruseoftheirleisuretime.

●Collegestudentscouldmakebetteruseoftheirleisuretimebycultivatingoneortwohobbies.

2.ParagraphCoherence

Waystoachievecoherence:

●Usingparallelstructures

●Repeatingwordsorwordgroups

●Usingpronounstorefertonounsinprecedingsentences

●Usingtransitionalexpressions

Sample1

Americansarequeerpeople:

theycan’tplay.Theyrushtoworkassoonastheygrowup.Theywanttheirworkassoonastheywake.Theyusedtoopentheirofficesatteno’clock;thenatnine;thenateight;thenatseven.Nowtheynevershutthem.

Sample2

Peopledifferfromoneanother;theyhavedifferentlikesanddislikes;theyhavetheirowninterestsandwayofdoingthings.Yettheyallneedtogetalongwithsomeonewell.Sometimestheyneedtoworkwithsomeone;sometimestheyneedtolivewithsomeone;andsometimestheyneedtoplaywithsomeone.Whatevertheydo,theyarenotdoingitallthemselves.

Sample3

UnlikeoralEnglish,writtenEnglishiscomparativelyformal.Itrequiresgoodspellingandperfectgrammar.Poorspellingandtoomanygrammaticalmistakeswillputreadersinapuzzlingdifficulty.Theywouldbeconfusedaboutwhatwritersaregettingat.Inaddition,oncethewordsareprintedonthepaperandhandedtowhomeverthepersonconcerned,writerscannolongermakeanychanges.Toavoidthisonehastopaymuchattentiontospelling,practicegrammarandwriteclearly-constructedparagraphs.Asaresult,itwilltakelongerandmuchmoreeffortstocommunicateinwrittenEnglishthaninoralEnglish.

3.ParagraphDevelopment

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ChronologicOrder

Oneofthesimplestwaysofarrangingdetailsinaparagraphistoputthemintimeorderorinchronologicalsequencing.

●first….;

●then……;

●next……;

●before…;

●after…..;

●finally……

●not.....until......;

●untilafter......;

Spatialorder

Seatingmyselfinthebackdeskontherownexttothedoor,IdecidedthatthisEnglishclassroomwasjustlikeeveryotherEnglishclassroom.Thefrontportionoftheroomcontainedtheexpectedclassroomitems.Atthefrontwasadrabgreenchalkboardcoveredwithwhiteandyellowmarkings.Totheleftoftheboardwasadictionarystandthatheldaverythickdictionary.

Directlyinfrontoftheboardwastheinstructor’slargeimpressivedesk.Thesidesoftheroomresembledthoseofanordinaryclassroom.Sixwindowswerelocatedalongtheleftwall.Theywerecoveredbydustybrokenblinds.

Nothingwasunusualaboutthemiddleoftheroom.Studentdeskswereneatlyarrangedinsixrowsofeightdeskseach.IwassittingintheeighthdeskonthefirstrowAsthebellsoundedandtheinstructorwalkedin,IconcludedthatweweregoingtohaveanordinaryEnglishclassinanordinaryclassroom

Orderofimportance

SinceIbeganlivinginanapartmentandgoingtoschool,mybiggestproblemhasbeenthehousework.

Cleaningtheapartmentisnottoobad;althoughittakestimeawayfrommystudies;atleastwhenIfinishtheapartmentlooksnice.

Cookingmyfoodisabiggerproblem.Ihaveneverhadtocookbefore,andusuallytheresultsarediscouraging.Sometimesthefoodisburned,sometimesitisnotcookedenough,andsometimesIhavenotmeasuredcorrectly,sothefoodtastesterrible.ShoppingformyfoodismoredifficultbecauseIdon’tknowtheEnglishnamesofmanyfoods,andoftenIhavetospendextratimeaskingforhelp.

Theworstproblemisdoingmylaundry.TheLaundromatisfarfrommyapartment,andIwastemuchvaluabletime.Ialsohavetroublewiththecomplicatedinstructions,sooccasionallyIendupwithpinksocksorashirtthatistoosmall.MostlyIamembarrassedasIsitintheLaundromatwithallthewomen,andsoIwaituntilallmyclothesaredirtybeforeIdothishorribletask.

ComparisonandContrast

Groupsareasgoodorbadastheindividualswhomakethemup.Crowds,ontheotherhand,areentirelydifferentfromtheirindividualmembers.Whilegroupscanactintelligentlyandexerciseasenseofresponsibility,crowdsarechaoticandincapableofintelligentactions.Menandwomeninagroupcanthink;thoseinacrowdlosealltheirrationality.Crowds,unlikegroups,aresubjecttoherd-poisoning.

Cause-and-EffectAnalysis

1.Causetoeffect

Peopletendtolearnindifferentways.Someareveryanalyticalandneedaruleforeverything.Othersaremoreintuitive;theyprefertogatherexamplesandimitatethem.Someneedlotsofrepetition,whileothersrequireless.Inaclassroomsituation,theteachercannottailortheapproachtoeachindividualstudent.Therefore,youcannotalwaysrelyonyourteachertoprovideyouwithanapproachthatisparticularlydesignedforyou.Youneedtoexperimentinordertodiscoverwhatworksbest.

2.Effecttocauses

Forovertwentyyears,fromthe1960stothe1980s,thecollegeboardscoresofhighschoolseniorssteadilydeclined.Thisdeclinebegansoonaftertelevisionbecamepopular,andthereforemanypeopleconcludedthatthetwoeventswereconnected.

Butmanyotherelementsmightalsohavecontributedtotheloweringoftestscores.Duringthesameperiod,forexample,manyschoolsreducedthenumberofrequiredcoursesandde-emphasizedtraditionalsubjectsandskills,suchasreading.Furthermore,duringthe1960sand1970s,manycollegeschangedtheirpoliciesandadmittedstudentswhopreviouslywouldnothavequalified.Thesenewadmissionstandardsencouragedstudentswhowouldnothavetakencollegeboardsinearlieryearstotakethetests.Therefore,thescoresmayhavebeenlowerbecausetheynowmeasuredthetopthirdofhighschoolseniorsratherthanthetopfifth.

3.Causetoeffects

Watchingtelevisionmayhavemadethosesamestudentsbetterobserversandlisteners,eveniftheydidlesswellonstandardizedwrittentests.Itmayhavegiventhemanationaloreveninternationaloutlookinsteadofanarrowinterestinlocalaffairs.Inotherwords,evenifwatchingtelevisionmayhavelimitedpeopleinsomeways,itmayhavebroadenedtheminothers.

4.CausalChain

Asthepublicbecomesmoreawareofthenatureofalcoholism,thesocialdisreputationattachedtoitdecreases;alcoholicsandtheirfamiliestendtoconcealitless,anddiagnosisisnotdelayedaslong.Earliertreatmenthasledtoencouraginglyhighrecoveryrates.

Yourbosshasabiggervocabularythanyouhave.That’sonegoodreasonwhyheisyourboss.Butifyoucanconsciouslyincreaseyourvocabularyyouwillunconsciouslyraiseyourselftoamoreimportantstationinyourlife,andthenewandhigherpositionyouhavewonwill,inturn,giveyouabetteropportunityforfurtherenrichingyourvocabulary.Itisabeautifulandsuccessfulcycle.

Moreoftenthannot,youwouldfindpeoplelivetocelebratetheir100thbirthday,anditisnotunusualtoseepeopleaged100to140workinthefieldswiththeirgreat-great-grandchildren.Whataccountsforthisabilitytosurvivetosuchanoldage,andtosurvivesowell?

Firstofall,physicalworkmaybetakenasoneofthemajorreasons.Secondly,theenvironmenttheyarelivinginshouldneverbeignoredasakeyfactor.Anotherfactorthatmaycontributetotheirlongevitymaybefoundintheirfreedomfrommentalpressures.Inheritedorgenericfactorsmayalsoplayaroleinthecase.Apartfromthat,theirdailydietsshouldalsobetakenintoaccountwhenwearetryingtotracethereasonsforthelongevity.Finally,beingoptimisticcanalsomakethedifferencebetweenlongerandshorterlives.

UsefulWordsandExpress