1、高一高二无机化学方程式汇总修正A412P精非金属单质F2 ,Cl 2 , O 2 , S, N 2 , P , C , Si1、氧化性: F 2+H2=2HF F 2+Xe(过量= XeF22F 2(过量)+Xe=XeF4nF 2 +2M=2MFn (表示大部分金属 2F 2+2H2O=4HF+O22F 2+2NaOH=2NaF+OF2 +H2O F 2+2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2 F 2+2NaBr=2NaF+Br2 F 2+2NaI=2NaF+I2 F 2+Cl2(等体积=2ClF3F 2(过量 +Cl2=2ClF3 7F 2(过量 +I2=2IF7 Cl 2+H2=2HCl 3Cl 2
2、+2P=2PCl3 Cl 2+PCl3=PCl5 Cl 2+2Na=2NaCl 3Cl 2+2Fe=2FeCl3 Cl 2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3 Cl 2+Cu=CuCl2 2Cl 2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2 Cl 2+2NaI=2NaCl+I25Cl 2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl Cl 2+Na2S=2NaCl+SCl 2+H2S=2HCl+SCl 2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO 4 +2HCl Cl 2+H2O 2=2HCl+O2 2O 2+3Fe=Fe3O 4 O 2+K=KO2 S+H2=H2S 2S+C=CS2 S+Fe=FeS S+2Cu=Cu2S 3S
3、+2Al=Al2S 3 S+Zn=ZnS N 2+3H2=2NH3 N 2+3Mg=Mg3N 2 N 2+3Ca=Ca3N2 N 2+3Ba=Ba3N 2 N 2+6Na=2Na3N N 2+6K=2K3N N 2+6Rb=2Rb3N P 2+6H2=4PH3 P+3Na=Na3P 2P+3Zn=Zn3P 22还原性 S+O2=SO2 S+O2=SO2S+6HNO3(浓 =H2SO 4+6NO2+2H2O 3S+4HNO3(稀 =3SO2+4NO+2H2O N 2+O2=2NO4P+5O2=P4O 10(常写成P 2O 52P+3X2=2PX3 (X 表示F 2,Cl 2,Br 2) PX 3
4、+X2=PX5P 4+20HNO3(浓 =4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O C+2F2=CF4 C+2Cl2=CCl4 2C+O2(少量 =2CO C+O2(足量 =CO2 C+CO2=2COC+H2O=CO+H2(生成水煤气 2C+SiO2=Si+2CO(制得粗硅 Si (粗 +2Cl=SiCl4 SiCl 4+2H2=Si(纯 +4HClSi (粉 +O2=SiO2 Si+C=SiC(金刚砂Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO 3+2H2 3、碱中歧化Cl 2+H2O=HCl+HClO (加酸抑制歧化,加碱或光照促进歧化) Cl 2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O 2Cl 2
5、+2Ca(OH2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO2+2H2O 3Cl 2+6KOH(热,浓)=5KCl+KClO3+3H2O3S+6NaOH=2Na2S+Na2SO 3+3H2O 4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O=PH3+3KH2PO 2 11P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO 4+15H2SO 4 3C+CaO=CaC2+CO 3C+SiO2=SiC+2CO金属单质Na,Mg ,Al ,Fe的还原性2Na+H2=2NaH 4Na+O2=2Na2O 2Na 2O+O2=2Na2O 2 2Na+O2=Na2O 22Na+S=Na2S (爆炸) 2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2 2N
6、a+2NH3=2NaNH2+H2 4Na+TiCl4(熔融)=4NaCl+Ti Mg+Cl2=MgCl2 Mg+Br2=MgBr2 2Mg+O2=2MgO Mg+S=MgS Mg+2H2O=Mg(OH2+H2 2Mg+TiCl4(熔融 =Ti+2MgCl2 Mg+2RbCl=MgCl2+2Rb 2Mg+CO2=2MgO+C 2Mg+SiO2=2MgO+Si Mg+H2S=MgS+H2 Mg+H2SO 4=MgSO4+H2 2Al+3Cl2=2AlCl34Al+3O2=2Al2O 3(钝化)4Al(Hg+3O2+2xH2O=2(Al2O 3.xH 2O+4Hg 4Al+3MnO2=2Al2O 3
7、+3Mn 2Al+Cr2O 3=Al2O 3+2Cr 2Al+Fe2O 3=Al2O 3+2Fe 2Al+3FeO=Al2O 3+3Fe 2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H 2 2Al+3H2SO 4=Al2(SO4 3+3H2 2Al+6H2SO 4(浓 =Al2(SO4 3+3SO2+6H2O (Al,Fe在冷, 浓的H 2SO 4, HNO 3中钝化 Al+4HNO(稀 =Al(NO3 3+NO+2H2O 2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2 2Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3 Fe+I2=FeI2 Fe+S=FeS3Fe+4H2O(g=Fe3O 4+4H2 Fe+2HCl
8、=FeCl2+H2 Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2 (铁在酸性环境下, 不能把四氯化锡完全 还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+Sn非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H 2S,NH 31、还原性:4HCl(浓+MnO2=MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O 4HCl(g+O2=2Cl2+2H2O 16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O 7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O 2H 2O+2F2=4HF+O22H 2S+3O2(足量 =2SO2+2H2O 2H 2S+O2(少量 =2S+2H
9、2O 2H 2S+SO2=3S+2H2O H 2S+H2SO 4(浓 =S+SO2+2H2O 3H 2S+2HNO(稀 =3S+2NO+4H2O3H 2S+K2Cr 2O 7+4H2SO 4=Cr 2(SO4 3+K2SO 4+3S+7H2OH 2S+4Na2O 2+2H2O=Na2SO 4+6NaOH 2NH 3+3CuO=3Cu+N2+3H2O 2NH 3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl8NH 3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4Cl4NH 3+3O2(纯氧 =2N2+6H2O 4NH 3+5O2=4NO+6H2O 4NH 3+6NO=5N2+6HO(用氨清除NO NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2 4Na
10、H+TiCl4=Ti+4NaCl+2H2 CaH 2+2H2O=Ca(OH2+2H25H 2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO 4=2MnSO4+K2SO 4+5S+8H2O 2、酸性:4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO 2的含量2HF+CaCl2=CaF2+2HCl H 2S+Fe=FeS+H2 H 2S+CuCl2=CuS+2HCl H 2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S+2HNO3 H 2S+HgCl2=HgS+2HCl H 2S+Pb(NO3 2=PbS+2HNO3 2NH 3+2Na=2NaNH2+H2 NaNH 2+H2O=NaOH+NH33、碱性:NH
11、3+HCl=NH4Cl NH 3+HNO3=NH4NO 32NH 3+H2SO 4=(NH42SO 4NH 3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3+NH4Cl4、不稳定性: (此反应用于工业制备小苏打,苏打) 2HF=H2+F2 2HCl=H2+Cl22H 2O=2H2+O2 2H 2O 2=2H2O+O2H 2S=H2+S 2NH 3=N2+3H2非金属氧化物1、低价态的还原性: 2SO 2+O2=2SO3 2NO+O2=2NO2 2CO+O2=2CO22SO 2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO 4这是SO 2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应SO 2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO 4+2HCl
12、SO 2+Br2+2H2O=H2SO 4+2HBr SO 2+I2+2H2O=H2SO 4+2HI SO 2+NO2=SO3+NO NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO 和NO 2CO+CuO=Cu+CO2 3CO+Fe2O 3=2Fe+3CO2 CO+H2O=CO2+H22、氧化性:SO 2+2H2S=3S+2H2O SO 3+2KI=K2SO 3+I2NO 2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH不能用淀粉KI 溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO 24NO 2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2O 2NO 2+Cu=4CuO+N2 CO 2+2Mg=2MgO+CCO 2不能用
13、于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K 等燃烧的火灾SiO 2+2H2=Si+2H2O SiO 2+2Mg=2MgO+Si3、与水的作用: SO 2+H2O=H2SO 3 SO 3+H2O=H2SO 4 3NO 2+H2O=2HNO3+NO N 2O 5+H2O=2HNO3 P 2O 5+H2O=2HPO3 P 2O 5+3H2O=2H3PO 4P 2O 5极易吸水, 可作气体干燥剂P 2O 5+3H2SO 4(浓=2H3PO 4+3SO3CO 2+H2O=H2CO 34、与碱性物质的作用: 这是硫酸厂回收SO 的反应. 先用氨水吸收SO 再用H 24处理, 生成的硫酸铵作化肥,SO 2循环作原料
14、气 SO 2+Ca(OH2=CaSO3+H2O不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO 2和CO 2. 可用品红鉴别SO 3+MgO=MgSO4SO 3+Ca(OH2=CaSO4+H2OCO 2+2NaOH(过量 =Na2CO 3+H2OCO 2(过量 +NaOH=NaHCO3CO 2+Ca(OH2(过量 =CaCO3+H2O2CO 2(过量 +Ca(OH2=Ca(HCO3 2CO 2+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al(OH3+Na2CO 3CO 2+C6H 5ONa+H2O=C6H 5OH+NaHCO3SiO 2+CaO=CaSiO3SiO 2+2NaOH=Na2SiO 3+H2O常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃SiO 2+Na2CO 3=Na2SiO 3+CO2SiO 2+CaCO3=CaSiO3+CO2金属氧化物1、低价态的还原性:6FeO+O2=2Fe3O 4FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO3 3+NO2+2H2O2、氧化性:Na 2O 2+2Na=2Na2O此反应用于制备Na 2O 。 MgO ,Al 2O 3几乎没有氧化性,很难被还原为Mg.Al. 一般通过电解制Mg 和Al.Fe 2O 3+3H2=2Fe+
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