1、三级语法重点下三级语法重点(下) 分词* 分词是“非谓语动词 ”的另一种形式,它有两种形式:现在分词和过去分词。* 成人统测英语教学考试重点:分词在句中的作用;现在分词的被动式和过去分词的区别;现在分词和过去分词的区别;分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语是否一致;分词的独立主格;with(without)引导的分词的独立结构。* -ING分词是指由动词原形-ING构成的、具有完成时态和被动语态的一种非谓语动词形式, 一.分词在句中的作用* 就其语法功能而言,它可以作表语、补足语、状语和定语 * 1. 分词做定语* 例如:They have realized the boy lying under th
2、e big tree.2分词做状语* 可以做伴随状语,原因状语等。* 例如:She was sitting in an armchair _ a book.* A. readingB. to readC. to be readingD. to have read* (答案:A。分词短语在句中做伴随状语。)(1995年37题)3分词作宾语补足语* 是否用过去分词还是现在分词决定于宾语与分词之间的关系(主动关系用现在分词;反之,用过去分词)* 例如:(1).We kept our _ all night to frighten the wolves.* A. burning fireB. burn
3、t fireC fire burningD. fire burnt(1997年55题)(答案:C。现在分词作宾补,表示动作正在进行)* (2).I found our college almost completely rebuilt.二、现在分词和过去分词的区别 * 现在分词的用法中,分词和与其相关的名词代词之间构成了一种 “主谓关系”,即 * “主动态”.同时,现在分词表示的是 “正在发生的动作”或是一个 “现在或过去一段时间内经常化的动作”.* 过去分词的用法中,分词和与其相关的名次代词构成一种 “动宾关系”,即 “被动态”.同时,过去分词* 表示一个 “已经完成的动作”或是一个 “在以
4、前某个未知时间发生的动作”.* 如: My parents are _ with my progress.* A. pleaseB. pleasedC. pleasingD. being pleased (答案:B)三、现在分词的被动式和过去分词的区别 * 现在分词的被动式,表示动作正在发生.而过去分词则表示动作的完成和结果。* 如:1、The interviewer should take down notes at the moment the person _ answers the questions.* A. to be interviewedB. interviewingC. be
5、ing interviewedD. interviewed* (答案:C。现在分词的被动式。表示动作正在发生)(1997年33题)* 2、We found the eggs eaten by the snake. 我们发现鸡蛋被蛇吃了。* (过去分词表示动作的完成和结果。)四、分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语是否一致 * 这里应该包括现在分词和过去分词(决定于分词的逻辑主语与主句主语的关系。如果是被动关系,则用过去分词;反之,用现在分词。分词的否定形式要把not放在分词之前)* 如: more time, he could have done it better .* A Given B. To g
6、ive* C .Giving D .Having given(答案是A)五、分词的独立主格 * 如果分词有自己的逻辑主语,就称为分词的独立主格结构。独立主格结构在句中做状语。* 如: Weather permitting, well go to the Summer Palace.如果天气允许的话,我们去颐和园。六、with (without) 引导的分词的独立结构 * He walked across the meeting room _ everyone looking at her.* A. withB. asC. whileD. when* (答案:A。with或without可以引导
7、分词的独立结构,做伴随状语。)(1997年49题)第七节 复合句* 英语中从句包括:名词性从句、定语从句、同位语从句和状语从句。* 名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。名词性从句指的是在从句中是一个相当于名词的主谓结构.(一)主语从句 * 在句子中担当主语的是一个从句,这个从句就叫主语从句。主语从句可以由下列连词、连接代词和连接副词引导,且不能省略。* 从属连词:that,whether* 连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever等。* 连接副词:when,where,how,why1、由连词that,whether引导的主语从句 * 连词that,whether在
8、主语从句中的作用只是引导主语从句,它在从句中不担任成分,不能省略,且由它们引导的主语从句,多用it做形式主语。其中,如果当“是否”引导从句时,用whether而不用if.* 如: That the earth is round is true.(It is true that the earth is round.) 地球是圆的, 是个事实。2、由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句 * 它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语,不能省略。注意翻译时不能把它们译为疑问句。由它们引导的主语从句,也可以用形式主语it引导。* 如:(1).Who let out the news remained unkn
9、own.(It remained unknown who let out the news.)* 谁泄露了那个消息仍旧无人知道。* (2).When well start is not clear.(It is not clear when well start.)我们何时出发还不清楚。3、以关系代词what, whatever, whoever引导的主语从句 * What有时可以用来表示the thing which这种意思,引导从句时,表示一样东西或一件事情。Who,whom,which,what,可以和ever构成合成词,和what一样引导从句,ever起强调作用。此类句子不能用形式主语
10、it引导,它们在句子中担任成份,不能省略,语序为陈述句的语序。* 如: _ was not the way the event happened.* A. Which the press reportedB. That the press reportedC. what did the press report* D. What the press reported(答案:D。主语从句,what在从句中做宾语。)(1998年24题)4* 句型It is desirable (suggested, necessary, requested, ordered, proposed, urgent)+
11、that+主语+should(可省略)+V(动词原形)。* 如: It is highly desirable that a new president _ for this university.* A. is appointedB. will be appointedC. be appointedD. has been appointed(答案:C)(1997年52题)5* 以what,how等引导的主语从句常用于句首表示强调,而且谓语动词一般用单数。* 如:_ I saw was two men crossing the street.* A.what B.whom C.who D.th
12、at (答案是A)(二)表语从句* 1.在从句中做表语的从句叫表语从句。它位于主句中的系动词之后,常用的关联词和主语从句相同。* 如:(1)This is what he wants. 这就是他想要的东西。* (2)The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow morning.* 问题是我们明天上午能否完成任务。2* 用suggestion等词表示愿望、建议、命令等情绪时用虚拟语气,从句中用should(可省略)+动词原形。* 如: His proposal is that they(should)challenge th
13、e other groups to a friendly competition* 他提议他们和别的组挑战进行一场友谊竞赛。3* 在句型“The reason why/ for whichis that” (的原因是因为),这里的that不能用because替代.* 如: The reason for which he didnt come was that he was ill.(三)宾语从句* 成人统测英语教学考试重点:宾语从句用陈述句的语序;介词后面的宾语从句;suggest,insist,order,demand等动词后接宾语从句时,用虚拟语气;if和whether的区别等。* 宾语从
14、句是指用作谓语动词,介词以及非谓语动词形式的宾语的主谓结构称为宾语从句.1、宾语从句用陈述句的语序.* 如: No one doubts _ it is true.* A. whetherB. ifC. thatd. what(答案:C。I doubt whether/if我怀疑。) (1997年38题)2、介词后面的宾语从句* (1)The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was aware _ she had gone.* A. where thatB. of whereC. of the placeD
15、. the place(答案是B, where 引导的从句做介词的宾语,1998年48题)* (2)He was a man of fine character in all points _ he was rather timid.* A. in thatB. except thatC. for thatD. except for(答案:B)(1997年53题)3* 在suggest,insist,order,advise,demand等动词后作宾语时,表示欲望、建议、命令等时,用虚拟语气。* 如: The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _ an operati
16、on right away so as to save his life.* A. hadB. would haveC. haveD. was going to have(答案:C)(1998年28题)4、在下列情况下不能用if , 而用whether * (1).后跟不定式:如:He didnt tell me whether to go or stay. 他没有告诉我是走还是留下。* (2).前面有介词:如:He raised the question of whether we could find the necessary money.* 他提出我们能否筹集到必要的资金这个问题。*
17、(3).引导主语从句:如:Whether they win or lose is all the same to me.他们胜利也好,失败也好,对我来说都是一样的。 (4).后面直接跟or not:如:I wonder whether Ill catch the last bus or not.我不知道我能否赶上末班车。(四) 同位语从句* 同位语从句是指在句子中担当同位语的主谓结构.连词that在同位语从句中没有任何意义,但却不能省略.同为语从句常用在以下这些名词后面:fear,fact,belief,evidence,hope,idea,news, suggestion,proposal,
18、order,recommendation等等.一、同位语从句的基本用法 * 跟在fact,idea,news等名词的后面,通常用连词that引导。* 如: I had no idea that you were here. 我没有想到你会在这里 二* 如果同位语从句所修饰的先行词是suggestion,proposal等名词的时候,谓语动词用should+原形动词。should可以省略。* 如:1、My suggestion that we do the experiment again is accepted by them.我的再做一次实验的建议被他们所接纳。2、His proposal
19、that they(should)challenge the other groups to a friendly competition is praised by the teacher. 他提议他们和别的组挑战,来一场友谊竞赛。这个提议受到了老师的表扬。(五)状语从句* 在主从复合句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句。常见的状语从句有时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、方式、比较、目的、结果。 * 成人统测英语教学考试重点:状语从句的种类及一些连词的基本用法;让步状语从句;unless,supposed (that),whomever,whenever,wherever等连词的含义和用法。一、时间状
20、语从句 * 常用的连词有:when,while, whenever(无论什么时候),since,as,until,hardlywhen,no soonerthan,as soon as,before,after,the moment,the minute(一就)等.* 如:She has wanted to become a nurse _ since she was a young girl. A. longB. oftenC. alwaysD. ever(答案D,ever since表示从以后,一直)(1997年56题)二、条件状语从句 * 常用if,unless(除非,如果不),as/s
21、o long as只要,supposing/supposed,on condition (that),provided (that)等引导.* 如:_ you return those books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine.* A. UntilB. UnlessC. IfD. Provided(答案:B)(1998年60题)三、原因状语从句 * 常用:because, as, since, now that, not thatbut that, for.如果表示必然的因果关系,一般用because引入;而sin
22、ce表示一种间接或附带的原因;用as 只是提一下。For表示“因的理由”,一般放在句子之后。* 如:1、He cannot go to school because he is ill. 他因为生病不能上学。 2、Everyone likes you as you are both kind and honest. 人人都喜欢你,因为你既和气,又诚实。四、让步状语从句* 常用though/although,as (尽管),even if/though,however,whatever,wherever,whoever,no matter how/what/who等。例如* 1、In short
23、, _ he lives, a man belongs to some society. A. whateverB. wheneverC. whicheverD. wherever(答案:D。wherever引导让步状语从句,wherever = no matter where)(1997年44题)2、_, you must show your ticket to go into the cinema.A. No matter whoever you areB. Whomever you areC. Whoever you areD. No matter who are you(答案:C。wh
24、oever,引导让步状语从句,= no matter who)(1997年59题) 五、方式状语从句 * 常用as, just as, as if/though 等词。如:He talks as if he _ everything in the world. A. knowsB. knewC. had knownD. would have known(答案:B。as if(though)引导的方式状语从句,谓语动词用虚拟语气。)六、目的状语从句* 常用so that , in order that, lest (以免, 以防), in case,for fear等* 如:Ill give y
25、ou my phone number, so that you can call me when you arrive here. 我把我的电话号码告诉你,以便你到达这里后可以给我打电话。 七、结果状语从句:常用sothat, suchthat * They are _ students that they all performed well in the nationwide examinations. A. so diligentB. such diligentC. so much diligentD. such very diligent(答案:B)(2002年43题) 八.地点状语从
26、句:常用连词有:where,wherever* 例如:* Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成九.比较状语从句 * 常用的关联词有: than, asas, “the morethe more”(表示“越就越”)句型.* 如:His mother is not as tall as she is 第八节:定语从句* 在句子中做定语的从句,叫定语从句。定语从句的关系词有两类:关系代词和关系副词。注意:定语从句中所有关系词不但都有具体的意义,而且都在从句中担任一定的成分. * 定语从句在句子中的位置结构如下:先行词(即被修饰的名词或代词)关系词句
27、子。定语从句分为两种:限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。成人统测英语教学考试重点* 限定性定语从句中关系代词的用法;关系副词 when,where,why,引导的定语从句;带介词的定语从句;非限定性定语从句;“名词(代词)+介词+关系代词”引出的定语从句,一般是非限定性定语从句。(一) * 关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that引导的定语从句.* 如:The company official _ I thought would be fired received a raise.* A. whomB. whoever C. who D. of whom* (答案:A。关系代
28、词whom在定语从句中做宾语,修饰先行词official.注意:whom在从句中作动词和介词的宾语.如果作动词宾语,可以与who互换;如果作介词宾语,只能用whom而不用who)(1998年40题)(二)关系副词 when ,where, why, 引导的定语从句 * 在定语从句中,关系副词=介词+which,即,每个关系副词里本身就已经含有了一个介词;比如,where表示在什么地方.* 如:The time will come _ man can fly to outer space freely.* A. that B. when C. in that D. which* (答案:B。wh
29、en在定语从句中做状语。) (1996年35题)(三)* 在关系代词前带介词(即介词关系代词)的定语从句中,关系代词是表示人的意义,就只用whom;关系代词是表示事物意义时,只能用which.。* 如: Before her marriage, she spent a considerable time in that very part of Shanghai, _ she belonged.* A. which B. to whereC. to whichD. at which(答案:C。关系代词which和whom 还可以做“动词词组”后面的前置宾语。这里的动词词组是belong to,
30、表示 “属于”。)(1998年56题)(四) * 非限定性定语从句对被修饰的名词起附加说明,或进一步描述或补充。* 这种从句有一定的独立性,即使去掉,主句的意思仍然完整,只是内容相对地不够具体。与主句之间常用逗号分开,有时用它来对全句进行补充,说明。所用的关系代词与限定性定语从句基本相同,但不能用关系代词that 引导。例如* He has made another wonderful discovery, _of great importance to science.* A. which I think it isB. of which I think it isC. I think which isD. which I think is* (答案:D。which引导的非限定性定语从句,修饰前面整个句子。)(1995年50题) (五)* “名词(代词)+介词+关系代词”所引出的定语从句,一般是非限定性定语从句。* 如:(1).Weve tested three hundred types of boot, _is completely water proof.* A. n
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