历年翻译分类总结.docx

1、历年翻译分类总结历年翻译分类总结1.固定搭配：筹款 raise money 幸存者 survivor survive， v.幸存考虑 take into consideration/account 受欢迎程度 popularity 定义 defineby分配某人做某事 sb be assigned. to sth. 或者 assign sb. sth冒着的危险/风险/代价做某事 at the risk / expense/cost of说服某人做某事 persuade / talk sb. into doing sth.据说 be said to（be said to+ 动词不定式的完成时，表

2、示不定式表示的动作已经完成）（如果）没有/要不是 without/but for + n. unique adj.独特；environment n.环境做某事（没）有困难 had （no）great difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth期待 look forward to doing sth/ sth开幕式 opening ceremony； 闭幕式closing ceremony尽管、虽然 despite （in spite of）+ n.放弃 give up doing sth 追求 pursue v. pursuit n.治愈 cure 癌症 cancer

3、与保持同步 keep up/pace with 不断增长的需求growing needs /demands of淋雨 be caught in the rain更有可能 /不大可能 be more/less likely to do；不可能 be unlikely to do增肥 put on/gain weight与相关 be related to 缺乏 lack of决定 decide to do sth=be determined to do=make up ones mind to do;创业 start their own business应用 apply to 或be applie

4、d to多亏了 thanks to ; 由于：owing to; 如果是表达导致不好的后果的原因，用due to.发明 invention; 一系列 a series of方便的convenient 省时的time-saving没能做某事；做某事失败 fail to do 退出 quit +doing按地址联系某人 contact sb at some address适应 adapt oneself to 以的速度. at a speed/rate of把归因与 attributeto 2.强调句型：强调句结构为it is/was sb. who/that1.Its my mother who

5、/that keeps encouraging me not to lose heart (一直鼓励我不要灰心) when I have difficulties in my study. 11年12月2. George called his boss from the airport but it was his assistant who answered / picked up the phone (接电话的却是他的助手). 11年6月3. It was not until the deadline that he sent (out)(直到截止日他才寄出) his applicatio

6、n form. 06对于这个结构，需要注意以下几点：（1）被强调部分主要是主语、宾语、宾补和状语，不能强调表语；强调句也可用来强调特殊疑问句中的疑问词。（2）除了is，was外，be还可以采用其他形式。（3）被强调部分如果是人或物，that可用who(强调的是主语人)、whom（强调的是宾语人）which（强调的是物）替代：被强调部分如果是时间状语或地点状语，其引导词只能是that，而不能用when或where：强调时间状语时，若有否定词not应提到从句前面。（4）在强调主语时，被强调的主语若是人称代词，一般用主格that后的谓语动词应在人称、数上保持一致。3. 倒装句1. The unive

7、rsity authorities did not approve the regulation, nor did they make any explanation；/nor did they give the reason for doing so；(也没有解释为什么)11年6月2. The manager never laughed; neither had she lost her temper (她也从来没有发过脾气)。部分倒装 2010年6月3. Not until he had finished the mission (直到他完成使命) did he realize that

8、he was seriously ill. 08.6not until / hardly / no sooner 引起的倒装句式not until / hardly / no sooner位于句首，句子主句倒装，从句不倒装。Hardly had she arrived when it began to snow.她刚到就下起了雪。Not until he had accomplished the task（直到他完成使命) did he realized that he was seriously ill. 08-06-91对于倒装这个语法点，需要注意以下几点：1强调倒装。为突出强调某一成分而

9、将它提至句首时，实行倒装，如：so 倒装句So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep.他工作如此勤奋以至于经常废寝忘食。当“only+状语”位于句首表示强调时用倒装，如不在句首或虽在句首但不修辞状语时用正常语序。Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion.只有当你获得足够的数据时，你才能得出正确的结论。Only in this way can we catch up with the world

10、s advanced levels in science and technology.只有这样我们才能赶上世界的先进科学技术水平。其他如：only then, only once, only in AmericaChina, only after the accident等。2never等具有否定意义的词或词组居于句首时用倒装。这类词或词组常用的有：never，seldom（极少地），rarely（罕有地），little，hardly（几乎不），scarcely（几乎不），not until，by no means（绝不），under no circumstances（在任何情况下都不），u

11、nder no condition（在任何情况下都不），in no way(决不) ，in no case(决不)，neither (+nor也不)，no sooner (+than)，hardly (+when)，barely(仅仅，几乎不)，on no account(决不)，at no time(决不)，not a bit(一点也不)，nowhere，not only(不仅)，but also等。Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet. 丘吉尔不仅是一位政治家，还是一位诗人。Never in all my life have

12、 I heard such nonsense. 我从未听到过这种胡说！3.具有否定意义的词或词组居于句首时，no soonerthan, hardly/scarcely/barelywhen，引导时间状语从句，主句用过去完成时，后面的从句用一般过去时。 No sooner _had the match started_ (比赛刚开始) than it began to rain heavily. Hardly _had he had time to settle down_ (他还未安顿下来)when he sold the house.4. the more, the more结构中的倒装。

13、The more you explain, _the more confused I am_ (我愈糊涂). 5.非真实条件句中的倒装在非真实条件句中如果有had, should,were, 这三个词，可以省去if，采用主谓语倒装的形式来表示条件。例如，Had it not been for their opposition,. 相当于：if it had not been for their opposition,.Should there be another world war,. 相当于：if there should be another world war,.Were I in y

14、our place,. 相当于：if I were in your place/shoes,.4. 虚拟语气1. Jane is tired of dealing with customer complaints and wishes that she could be assigned to do another job (能被分配做另一项工作). 11年6月Were-型虚拟语气也用在表示臆想愿望的分句中，常由wish, suppose, imagine, would rather, would sooner that, would just as soon (that) 等引导，e.g.

15、I would rather they left on an early train. 我宁愿他们坐早一点的火车走。Just imagine everyone were to give up smoking.He acts as if he knew you .Beware your hat, lest it should be blown away (从句用should+原形或直接用原形，不受主句动词时态的任何影响。)1)动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；e.g I wish I were not so busy

16、. 但愿我不那样忙碌。I wish it were spring all the year round.若表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分词；e.g She wished she had stayed at home. 她后悔的是她当时要是留在家里就好了。若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would (could)动词原形e.g I wish you wouldnt smoke any more. 我希望你不再抽烟了。2. They requested that the book I borrowed （should） be r

17、eturned to the library（我借的书还回图书馆） by next Friday. 2010.123. It is suggested that the air conditioner the air conditioner (should) be installed by the window (要安装在窗户旁边)4. The professor required that we(should) hand in our/the research report(s) we(should) hand in our/the research report(s) (我们交研究报告)

18、06.6 2)当谓语动词是一想要(desire)二宁愿(prefer)三命令(order. command)四建议(advice. suggest. propose)五要求(demand. require. request. desire. insist)中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，引导的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气：should + do。should可以省略。The professor required that we (should) hand in our research reports by Wednesday.(2006.6)I suggested he should adapt

19、himself to his new conditions.(2006.1) 有些词有多个意义，当不表示建议、命令时，就不能用虚拟语气，如：Some evidence suggests that he is the criminal.（一些证据表明） 3)“It is (was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that” 结构中的虚拟语气 某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为should +动词原形或省略should (美国英语中省去should)“It is (was)+形容词+that” 结构中的虚拟语气，常用的形容

20、词有：advisable(合理的), appropriate (适当的), compulsory(必须的), crucial(紧急的), desirable (极好的), essential(必要的), important (重要的), imperative(迫切的), incredible(惊人的), natural (自然的), necessary(必要的), possible (可能的), preferable (更可取的), probable (很可能的), strange(奇怪的), urgent(紧迫的), vital (必不可少的)It is essential that the

21、se application forms be sent back as early as possible.这些申请表应尽早地寄回，这是很重要的。It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project.重要的是募集足够的钱，为这个项目提供资金。It is desired that we get everything ready this evening.希望我们今晚一切都准备就绪。I dont think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has n

22、o experience.汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。“It is (was)+或过去分词+that” 结构中的虚拟语气，常用的过去分词有： demanded (要求), desired (要求), ordered(命令), recommended (推荐), requested (被请求的), required (需要的), suggested (建议), 5.You would not have failed if you had followed my orders.(按照我的指令去做) 09.126.If she had returned an hour earli

23、er, Mary wouldnt have been caught in the heavy rain. (就不会被大雨淋了) 09.67.The victim would have had a chance to survive (本来会有机会活下来) if he had been taken to hospital in time. 064) 虚拟条件句的三种基本类型：与现在事实相反、与过去事实相反、与将来事实相反时间If从句主句与现在事实相反主语+动词过去式/be 动词were+其他主语+would +动词原形+其他与过去事实相反主语+had +过去分词+其他主语+would +have

24、+过去分词+其他与将来事实相反主语+were to/should +动词原形+其他主语+would +动词原形+其他与现在事实相反的非真实条件句:If we left now, we should arrive in good time. 假如我们现在就走的话，我们就会及时到达。If I were you, I would refuse the money. 假如我是你的话，我就不会要那钱。Even if he had the money, he wouldnt buy it. 他即使有钱也不会买它与过去事实相反We would have dropped by if we had had ti

25、me. 假如我们有时间的话，我们就会顺道拜访了。I wouldnt have known what these were for if I hadnt been told. 假如别人不告诉我，我就不会知道这些东西是干什么的了。Were-虚拟语气还可用其他形式表示,如without, but for, otherwise, or等。Without/but for your help, I would never have made such great success. Thanks to the man, or the little boy would have been drowned in

26、 the river. 与将来事实相反If he were to come, what should we say to him?假如他来了，我们对他说什么呢？ 5) Its (high) time that+动词过去式或should+动词原形，如： Its time (that) you had a hair cut. It is high time that measures should be taken/were taken to decrease the birth rate in this country.6) as if, as though, would(had) rather

27、(that)引导的从句须用虚拟语气，如： He acts as if nothing had happened. I would rather you didnt tell him. 5.不定式In order to do sth1. In order to ensure his attendance at the meeting（为了确保他参加会议），I called him up in advance（不定式做目的状语） 10.122. In order to support my studies (为了挣钱供我上学)，mother often takes on more work tha

28、n is good for her. 06.6非谓语动词的句法功能不定式 ：作： 主、宾、表、定、状、补, To see is to believe.眼见为实动名词： 作： 主、宾、表、定Seeing is believing. 眼见为实分词： 作： 表、定、状、补不定式to +动词原型可以理解为“固定搭配”或“常识”John said that he had run in order to catch the bus.He hate to be misunderstood by others.Were happy to have been working with you.Its kind

29、of you to say so.动名词动词原形+ing (是名词)I am sure that he will come in time.=I am sure of his coming in time. He is proud that he is selected as monitor.=He is proud of being selected as monitor.Im confident that he have passed the exam.=Im confident of his having passed the exam.He complained that he hav

30、e been wronged by others.=he complained of having been wronged by others.从远处看，我发现这座岛屿就像一朵云。Viewing from the distance, I found the island like a cloud. （表主动） Viewed from the distance, the island looked like a cloud. (表被动) 独立主格结构独立主格结构 -谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，即逻辑主语与句子主语不一致。一般，在句子中没有连词，逗号不能连接两个分句，其中一部分要么是非谓语动词短

31、语，要么是独立主格结构。雨停了，他出去散步。 The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.The rain has stopped. He went out for a walk.The rain has stopped, and he went out for a walk.6.被动语态1.The significant museum is said to have been built（据说建成于）about a hundred years ago. 2010.122. We look forward to being invited to attend the opening ceremony ( 被邀请出席开幕式) 2010.63. Our efforts will pay off（回报，清偿） if the results of the research can be applied to the development of the new technology. (能应用于新技术的开发) 08.64. Many Am