大学英语第四册第四单元详解.docx

1、大学英语第四册第四单元详解Unit 4 Book 4Work, Labour and Play 1. An English Song Career OpportunitiesCareer opportunitiesThey offered me the office, offered me the shop They said Id better take anything they got Do you want to make tea at the BBC? Do you want to be, do you really want to be a cop? Career opportun

2、ities are the ones that never knock Every job they offer you is to keep you out of the dock Career opportunities are the ones that never knock I hate all of my schools rulesThey just think that Im another foolCareer opportunities are the ones that never knock Every job they offer you is to keep you

3、out of the dock Career opportunities are the ones that never knock HeyBus driver! Ambulance man! Ticket inspector! I dont understandTheyre gonna have to introduce conscription（征兵）Theyre gonna have to take away my prescriptions If they want to get me making toys If they want to get me, Ive got no cho

4、ice Career opportunities are the ones that never knock Every job they offer you is to keep you out of the dock Career opportunities are the ones that never knock Career Career Career opportunities are the ones that never knockOh, no2. Difficult Sentences1) (LL69) In a society where slavery in the st

5、rict sense has been abolished, whether what a man does has social value depends on whether he is paid money to do it, but a labourer today can rightly be called a wage slave. Why does the author call a labourer a wage slave? (=The author calls a labourer a wage slave because a labourers social value

6、 depends on the money he is paid. To a labourer, the job that society offers him is of no interest to him. He is compelled to take it because he has to earn a living and support his family. )What is the implied meaning of this sentence?(=Just like slaves in the past, labourers are compelled to do jo

7、bs that they dont really enjoy. As a result, the only difference between a labourer and a slave is that one is paid while the other is not. )2) (LL1720) A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do; what from the point of view of society is necessary labou

8、r is from his own point of view voluntary play. What does “voluntary play” mean in this context? (=“Voluntary play” in the context means the job one enjoys doing. )3) (LL2225) The difference does not, for example, coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job; a gardener or a cobble

9、r may be a worker, a bank clerk a labourer. What can we infer from this sentence?(=According to the author, whether one is a worker or a labourer does not depend on the kind of job he or she does but on whether he or she really enjoys doing the job. Therefore, a gardener or a cobbler may be a worker

10、 if he is interested in his job, while a bank clerk is a labourer if he is bored with his job.)4) (LL2830) He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much; workers die of heart attacks and forget their wives birthdays. Why is a worker likely to take too little leisure?(=Because

11、to a worker, leisure means simply the time he needs to relax and rest in order to work more efficiently.)Translate this sentence into Chinese.（所以，他可能只有少量的闲暇，而不会有大量的空闲。工作者可能会死于心脏病，并会忘记自己妻子的生日。）5) (LL4447) It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population, that is to

12、say, its labourers, will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy. Paraphrase this sentence.(=We can already imagine a world where the majority of the workforce have as much leisure time as the upper classes used to have in the past.)Translate this sentence into

13、 Chinese.（已经可以想象出这样一个社会：其人口的大多数，也就是其中的劳动者们，将会享受到早期贵族们才能享受到的几乎同样多的休闲。）6) (LL4749) When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved, the prospect is not cheerful. What does this sentence imply?(=If todays labourers who have almost as much leisure time as aristocracies in the past, shoul

14、d kill their time by indulging in dangerous and meaningless activities, it would have a great negative impact on society. With such a prospect in mind, one cannot but feel worried.)7) (LL4951) Indeed, the problem of dealing with boredom may be even more difficult for such a future mass society than

15、it was for aristocracies.Translate this sentence into Chinese.（=的确，在未来这样一个大众社会里，人们要解决“无聊”这个问题，也许比过去的贵族们要困难得多。）8) (LL5355) The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which changes as often as possible in the economic interest of certain people. Paraphrase this sentence.(=Un

16、like the aristocracy, ordinary people spend too much leisure time following fashions that change frequently in the economic interest of certain people. )9) (LL5760) For other aristocratic amusements like gambling, dueling, and warfare, it may be only too easy to find equivalents in dangerous driving

17、, drug-taking, and senseless acts of violence. What can we infer from this sentence?(=Unlike aristocracies, labourers cannot afford activities like gambling, dueling, and warfare, yet they may easily find similar amusements available in the modern society by spending their excessive leisure time in

18、driving dangerously, taking drugs, or committing senseless acts of violence. )10) (LL6063) Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put their aggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. Why do you think wor

19、kers can put their aggression into their work?(=Workers usually enjoy what they are doing, so they are willing to spend most of their time and energy on their jobs. As they are bent on their work, the aggressiveness inside themselves, if any, would naturally turn into the motivation and determinatio

20、n to do their jobs well. )Translate this sentence into Chinese.(=工作者很少从事暴力活动，他们可以把自己的“敌对心理”用在工作上，不管是工匠的体力活，还是科学家、艺术家的脑力活。)3. Words and Expressions1) (L2) define: vt. state, show or explain clearly*New times define new challenges.*Please listen carefully while I define your duties.*When boundaries be

21、tween countries are not clearly defined, there is usually trouble.把“幸福”界定为“拥有很多钱”是错误的。(= Its wrong to define “happiness” as “owing lots of money”. )2) (L4) compel: vt. 1. force or oblige*You can compel obedience, but not affection.*You cannot compel good work from unwilling students.A parent may com

22、pel his child to do his lessons by threatening to suspend his allowance.2. inspire*Her intelligence and skill compel universal admiration.cf. compel, force, constrain, & oblige 这些动词均含“迫使”之意。compel 指在法律、权力、力量或行动等的驱使下被迫而为。force 指用个人意志、权力、权威或暴力等，迫使他人改变看法或做本不愿做的事。constrain 侧重施加约束力或有约束作用的影响，也指环境对人强加的影响迫使

23、人去做某事，尤指受良心、情感等内在力量驱使去做某事。oblige 指由于生理上或道德上的需要，促使某人做某事，也指有权威的人或机构迫使某人做某事，还可指在特定情况下被迫做出的反应。(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.1. He felt _ to leave after such an unpleasant quarrel. (=obliged)2. Wealth is a power usurped by the few, to _ the many to

24、 labour for their benefit. (=compel)3. Im by the need to care for my mother. (=constrained)4. Survivors of the gas explosion are much _ to the public for their concern and donations. (=obliged)5. They the child into obedience. (=forced)3) (L6) in the strict sense: in the most limited meaning*In the

25、strict sense, it is not a piece of classical music.*In the strict sense, the help-the-poor program was put forward and on a large scale only after the initiation of the reform and opening-up. Collocations: in a sense 在某种意义上in the literal sense 就字面上而言in the full sense 就全面的角度而言in the broad sense 从广义的角

26、度而言4) (L7) abolish: vt. bring to an end by law; stop*Slavery was abolished in England in the 19th century.Modern educators have for the most part abolished corporal punishment.For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life.*我们应该废止种族隔离一事愈

27、来愈受到重视。(=There is growing recognition that we should abolish segregation.)cf. abolish, cancel & repeal这些动词均含“取消、废除”之意abolish正式用词，指彻底废除某种制度、规章或习俗。例如：In my opinion, such corrupt practices should be abolished. 依我看，这些陋习应当废除。cancel用法广泛，多指取消债务、合同、证书、比赛、旅行、计划或约会等。例如：If it rains, let our engagement be cance

28、lled. 如果下雨，就取消我们的约会吧。repeal书面用词，指撤销立法机关通过的协议、法案或法律等。例如：The legislation was repealed five months later.5) (L20) voluntary: a. acting or done willingly, without being forced*Charities rely on voluntary donations.*She does voluntary social work.*Collocations:voluntary clinic 免费诊所*voluntary coordination

29、 自发性协调*voluntary association 自愿结合*voluntary agreement 无偿协议voluntary labour 义务劳动voluntary agency 志愿机构，志愿团体voluntary assistance 义务援助voluntary contribution 自愿捐款6) (L21) classify: vt. arrange in classes or groups*Whales are classified as mammals, not fish.*We usually classify types of character as good

30、or bad.人们将油腻的薯条、洋芋片以及汉堡归类为垃圾食物。(=People classify greasy French fries, potato chips and hamburgers as junk food. ) Local government is actively taking measures to collect, classify and dispose of garbage left in scenic spots to prevent pollution.cf. organize, categorize, classify & sort 这些动词均含“按一定规则加

31、以组织、分类”之意。organize 指按计划或需要把人或物安排组织成一个整体。categorize 强调贴标签于某物上并将其分类，或分列入目录中。classify 指按照事物类型、质量或相似点进行分类。sort 通常指根据类型或分类进行挑选。(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.1. The books in the library are _ to subjects. (=classified)2. Please _ out the things you want to keep and throw everything else away. (=sort)3. She was the first to the work in this way. (=organize)4. He was as a trouble-maker. (=categorized)5. Natural resources can be as renewable and nonrenewable ones. (=classified)7) (L22) undertake: vt. make oneself responsible for; agree;