大学英语第四册第四单元详解.docx
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大学英语第四册第四单元详解
Unit4Book4
Work,LabourandPlay
1.AnEnglishSong—CareerOpportunities
Careeropportunities
Theyofferedmetheoffice,offeredmetheshop
TheysaidI’dbettertakeanythingtheygot
DoyouwanttomaketeaattheBBC?
Doyouwanttobe,doyoureallywanttobeacop?
Careeropportunitiesaretheonesthatneverknock
Everyjobtheyofferyouistokeepyououtofthedock
Careeropportunitiesaretheonesthatneverknock
Ihateallofmyschool’srules
TheyjustthinkthatI’manotherfool
Careeropportunitiesaretheonesthatneverknock
Everyjobtheyofferyouistokeepyououtofthedock
Careeropportunitiesaretheonesthatneverknock
Hey
Busdriver!
Ambulanceman!
Ticketinspector!
Idon’tunderstand
They’regonnahavetointroduceconscription（征兵）
They’regonnahavetotakeawaymyprescriptions
Iftheywanttogetmemakingtoys
Iftheywanttogetme,I’vegotnochoice
Careeropportunitiesaretheonesthatneverknock
Everyjobtheyofferyouistokeepyououtofthedock
Careeropportunitiesaretheonesthatneverknock
Career
Career
Careeropportunitiesaretheonesthatneverknock
Oh,no
2.DifficultSentences
1）（LL6~9）Inasocietywhereslaveryinthestrictsensehasbeen
abolished,whetherwhatamandoeshassocialvaluedependsonwhetherheispaidmoneytodoit,butalabourertodaycanrightlybecalledawageslave.
Whydoestheauthorcallalabourerawageslave?
（=Theauthorcallsalabourerawageslavebecausealabourer’ssocialvaluedependsonthemoneyheispaid.Toalabourer,thejobthatsocietyoffershimisofnointeresttohim.Heiscompelledtotakeitbecausehehastoearnalivingandsupporthisfamily.）
Whatistheimpliedmeaningofthissentence?
（=Justlikeslavesinthepast,labourersarecompelledtodojobsthattheydon’treallyenjoy.Asaresult,theonlydifferencebetweenalabourerandaslaveisthatoneispaidwhiletheotherisnot.）
2）（LL17~20）Amanisaworkerifheispersonallyinterestedinthejobwhichsocietypayshimtodo;whatfromthepointofviewofsocietyisnecessarylabourisfromhisownpointofviewvoluntaryplay.
Whatdoes“voluntaryplay”meaninthiscontext?
（=“Voluntaryplay”inthecontextmeansthejoboneenjoysdoing.）
3）（LL22~25）Thedifferencedoesnot,forexample,coincidewiththedifferencebetweenamanualandamentaljob;agardeneroracobblermaybeaworker,abankclerkalabourer.
Whatcanweinferfromthissentence?
（=Accordingtotheauthor,whetheroneisaworkeroralabourerdoesnotdependonthekindofjobheorshedoesbutonwhetherheorshereallyenjoysdoingthejob.Therefore,agardeneroracobblermaybeaworkerifheisinterestedinhisjob,whileabankclerkisalabourerifheisboredwithhisjob.）
4）（LL28~30）Heisthereforemorelikelytotaketoolittleleisurethantoomuch;workersdieofheartattacksandforgettheirwives’birthdays.
Whyisaworkerlikelytotaketoolittleleisure?
（=Becausetoaworker,leisuremeanssimplythetimeheneedstorelaxandrestinordertoworkmoreefficiently.）
TranslatethissentenceintoChinese.
（＝所以，他可能只有少量的闲暇，而不会有大量的空闲。
工作者可能会死于心脏病，并会忘记自己妻子的生日。
）
5）（LL44~47）Itisalreadypossibletoimagineasocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulation,thatistosay,itslabourers,willhavealmostasmuchleisureasinearliertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.
Paraphrasethissentence.
（=Wecanalreadyimagineaworldwherethemajorityoftheworkforcehaveasmuchleisuretimeastheupperclassesusedtohaveinthepast.）
TranslatethissentenceintoChinese.
（＝已经可以想象出这样一个社会：
其人口的大多数，也就是其中的劳动者们，将会享受到早期贵族们才能享受到的几乎同样多的休闲。
）
6）（LL47~49）Whenonerecallshowaristocraciesinthepastactuallybehaved,theprospectisnotcheerful.
Whatdoesthissentenceimply?
（=Iftoday’slabourerswhohavealmostasmuchleisuretimeasaristocraciesinthepast,shouldkilltheirtimebyindulgingindangerousandmeaninglessactivities,itwouldhaveagreatnegativeimpactonsociety.Withsuchaprospectinmind,onecannotbutfeelworried.）
7）（LL49~51）Indeed,theproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssocietythanitwasforaristocracies.
TranslatethissentenceintoChinese.
（=的确，在未来这样一个大众社会里，人们要解决“无聊”这个问题，也许比过去的贵族们要困难得多。
）
8）（LL53~55）Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualbyfashionwhichchangesasoftenaspossibleintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeople.
Paraphrasethissentence.
（=Unlikethearistocracy,ordinarypeoplespendtoomuchleisuretimefollowingfashionsthatchangefrequentlyintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeople.）
9）（LL57~60）Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegambling,dueling,andwarfare,itmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerousdriving,drug-taking,andsenselessactsofviolence.
Whatcanweinferfromthissentence?
（=Unlikearistocracies,labourerscannotaffordactivitieslikegambling,dueling,andwarfare,yettheymayeasilyfindsimilaramusementsavailableinthemodernsocietybyspendingtheirexcessiveleisuretimeindrivingdangerously,takingdrugs,orcommittingsenselessactsofviolence.）
10）（LL60~63）Workersseldomcommitactsofviolence,becausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirwork,beitphysicalliketheworkofasmith,ormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.
Whydoyouthinkworkerscanputtheiraggressionintotheirwork?
（=Workersusuallyenjoywhattheyaredoing,sotheyarewillingtospendmostoftheirtimeandenergyontheirjobs.Astheyarebentontheirwork,theaggressivenessinsidethemselves,ifany,wouldnaturallyturnintothemotivationanddeterminationtodotheirjobswell.）
TranslatethissentenceintoChinese.
（=工作者很少从事暴力活动，他们可以把自己的“敌对心理”用在工作上，不管是工匠的体力活，还是科学家、艺术家的脑力活。
）
3.WordsandExpressions
1）（L2）define:
vt.state,showorexplainclearly
*Newtimesdefinenewchallenges.
*PleaselistencarefullywhileIdefineyourduties.
*Whenboundariesbetweencountriesarenotclearlydefined,thereisusuallytrouble.
把“幸福”界定为“拥有很多钱”是错误的。
（=It'swrongtodefine“happiness”as“owinglotsofmoney”.）
2）（L4）compel:
vt.
1.forceoroblige
*Youcancompelobedience,butnotaffection.
*Youcannotcompelgoodworkfromunwillingstudents.
Aparentmaycompelhischildtodohislessonsbythreateningtosuspendhisallowance.
2.inspire
*Herintelligenceandskillcompeluniversaladmiration.
cf.compel,force,constrain,&oblige
这些动词均含“迫使”之意。
compel指在法律、权力、力量或行动等的驱使下被迫而为。
force指用个人意志、权力、权威或暴力等，迫使他人改变看法或做本不愿做的事。
constrain侧重施加约束力或有约束作用的影响，也指环境对人强加的影响迫使人去做某事，尤指受良心、情感等内在力量驱使去做某事。
oblige指由于生理上或道德上的需要，促使某人做某事，也指有权威的人或机构迫使某人做某事，还可指在特定情况下被迫做出的反应。
（Directions:
）Fillintheblankswiththewordsabove.Changetheformwherenecessary.
1.Hefelt_______toleaveaftersuchanunpleasantquarrel.（=obliged）
2.Wealthisapowerusurpedbythefew,to_______themanytolabourfortheirbenefit.（=compel）
3.I’mbytheneedtocareformymother.（=constrained）
4.Survivorsofthegasexplosionaremuch_______tothepublicfortheirconcernanddonations.（=obliged）
5.Theythechildintoobedience.（=forced）
3）（L6）inthestrictsense:
inthemostlimitedmeaning
*Inthestrictsense,itisnotapieceofclassicalmusic.
*Inthestrictsense,thehelp-the-poorprogramwasputforwardandonalargescaleonlyaftertheinitiationofthereformandopening-up.
Collocations:
inasense在某种意义上
intheliteralsense就字面上而言
inthefullsense就全面的角度而言
inthebroadsense从广义的角度而言
4）（L7）abolish:
vt.bringtoanendbylaw;stop
*SlaverywasabolishedinEnglandinthe19thcentury.
Moderneducatorshaveforthemostpartabolishedcorporalpunishment.
Formanholdsinhismortalhandsthepowertoabolishallformsofhumanpovertyandallformsofhumanlife.
*我们应该废止种族隔离一事愈来愈受到重视。
（=Thereisgrowingrecognitionthatweshouldabolishsegregation.）
cf.abolish,cancel&repeal
这些动词均含“取消、废除”之意
abolish正式用词，指彻底废除某种制度、规章或习俗。
例如：
Inmyopinion,suchcorruptpracticesshouldbeabolished.
依我看，这些陋习应当废除。
cancel用法广泛，多指取消债务、合同、证书、比赛、旅行、计划或约会等。
例如：
Ifitrains,letourengagementbecancelled.
如果下雨，就取消我们的约会吧。
repeal书面用词，指撤销立法机关通过的协议、法案或法律等。
例如：
Thelegislationwasrepealedfivemonthslater.
5）（L20）voluntary:
a.actingordonewillingly,withoutbeingforced
*Charitiesrelyonvoluntarydonations.
*Shedoesvoluntarysocialwork.
*Collocations:
voluntaryclinic免费诊所
*voluntarycoordination自发性协调
*voluntaryassociation自愿结合
*voluntaryagreement无偿协议
voluntarylabour义务劳动
voluntaryagency志愿机构，志愿团体
voluntaryassistance义务援助
voluntarycontribution自愿捐款
6）（L21）classify:
vt.arrangeinclassesorgroups
*Whalesareclassifiedasmammals,notfish.
*Weusuallyclassifytypesofcharacterasgoodorbad.
人们将油腻的薯条、洋芋片以及汉堡归类为垃圾食物。
（=PeopleclassifygreasyFrenchfries,potatochipsandhamburgersasjunkfood.）
Localgovernmentisactivelytakingmeasurestocollect,classifyanddisposeofgarbageleftinscenicspotstopreventpollution.
cf.organize,categorize,classify&sort
这些动词均含“按一定规则加以组织、分类”之意。
organize指按计划或需要把人或物安排组织成一个整体。
categorize强调贴标签于某物上并将其分类，或分列入目录中。
classify指按照事物类型、质量或相似点进行分类。
sort通常指根据类型或分类进行挑选。
（Directions:
）Fillintheblankswiththewordsabove.Changetheformwherenecessary.
1.Thebooksinthelibraryare_______tosubjects.（=classified）
2.Please_______outthethingsyouwanttokeepandthroweverythingelseaway.（=sort）
3.Shewasthefirsttotheworkinthisway.（=organize）
4.Hewasasatrouble-maker.（=categorized）
5.Naturalresourcescanbeasrenewableandnonrenewableones.（=classified）
7）（L22）undertake:
vt.makeoneselfresponsiblefor;agree;
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