职称英语考试句子结构.docx

1、职称英语考试句子结构 阅读判断： New product will save lives， 该文章在主题上与科技有关。概括大意完成句子：Ford ，虽然这篇文章是人物介绍性的文章， 但“装配线”一词已经明显地揭示了出题者选题的考虑， 这篇文章还是与科技有关。阅读理解：sleepless at night， 文章的主题涉及到社会和生活;Florence Nightingale 这也是一篇人物介绍类的文章，文章的主题涉及到社会和生活;Human space exploration ，这是一篇典型的科普文章。补全短文：false fear of big fish ， 这篇文章主题涉及到自然，环境方面

2、的内容。完型填空：migrant workers 移民工人，这篇文章的主题涉及到社会与文化。结论：理工类考题中出现的文章在主题选取上通常是科普类的;卫生类考题中出现的文章在主题选取上通常与疾病与健康有关;综合类考题中出现的文章在主题选取上通常涉及到社会文化方面;文章的主题(题材)决定了文章的语言特点，如：e.g. A well-dressed lady, who looked and talked like a Japanese, got off from the car.这个句子的语言特点是句子结构口语话(句子结构简洁)，句中的词语是日常生活中的常见词。e.g. The speech was

3、 a clear and unemotional exposition of the Presidents reasons for willing to begin a Japanese - American dialogue.这个句子结构很正式，句子中使用了书面语中常见的名词性的结构， 比较：e.g. The speech indicates clearly and unemotionally the Presidents reasons for willing to begin a Japanese - American dialogue.职称英语考试中出现的文章在语言上具有专业英语和科技

4、英语的特点。专业英语和科技英语的特点是句子较长， 句子结构比较复杂， 可能涉及到多种语法结构(如：不定式， 动名词， 现在分词结构， 过去分词结构， 介词短语结构， 插入语结构，各种从句结构等)， 被动语态出现的频率也较高。2003年综合C概括大意与完成句子部分的“最难句子”：From RobotsAlthough industrial robots were originally developed as devices for simply handling 搬运objects, today their commonest uses are for more skilled work li

5、ke welding (焊接), spray喷射-painting and assembling components.句子基本结构：Although (简单句：被动语态结构) + 主句 (主语+系动词+ 表语)句子中出现了被动语态的结构， 介词短语结构出现频繁。句子中出现的词汇绝大多数都是常见的基本词汇。2004年综合C概括大意与完成句子部分的“最难句子”：From FordsInstead of having workers put together the entire car, 组装整辆车，Fords friends, who were great toolmakers from Sc

6、otland, organized teams that added parts to each Model T as it moved down a line.句子基本结构：状语(介词短语结构)+ 主句(主语+谓语+宾语， 主句中还带有插入语的结构)句子中出现了较多的从句结构， 涉及到了定语从句和状语从句。复杂的句子常常是考点设置的地方， 这两个句子也与文章后面的问题直接/间接地相关：在2003年的考题中“Although industrial robots ”是文章中一个段落,其中一道概括大意题就是针对这个段落设置的：问题问及这个段落的主题。A. ongoing research ongo

7、ing going on进行的B. extension of use extendextension 扩大C. robot heroesD. greater reliability great greater; rely reliable reliability可靠性E. falling demand fall falling下降的F. hidden danger hide hidden 隐藏的根据刚才我们对句意的分析, 答案应该是B. 也可以走捷径: 句子“Although industrial robots were originally developed as devices for

8、simply handling 搬运objects, today their commonest uses are for more skilled work like welding (焊接), spray喷射-painting and assembling components.”的主要内容应该是通过主句内容反映出来, 主句结构是: today their commonest uses are for more skilled work like welding (焊接), spray喷射-painting and assembling components 这个结构的主语中出现了“use

9、s(用途)”， 句子中的中文注释“焊接”和“skilled work(技巧性的工作)”都在提示我们这个句子很可能在谈论机器人的用途。提示：段落/句子核心词反映段落/句子的主题。 2004年的概括大意题也是对间接地涉及到了对“Instead of ”这个句子的考察。有一道概括大意题考察“Instead of ”所在段落的主题。这道题也可以走捷径：The companys assembly line alone threw Americas Industrial Revolution into overdrive(高速运转) . Instead of having workers put toge

10、ther the entire car, 组装整辆车，Fords friends, who were great toolmakers from Scotland, organized teams that added parts to each Model T as it moved down a line. By the time Fords Highland Park plant was humming(嗡嗡作响) along in 1914, the worlds first automatic conveyor belt could turn out a car every 93 m

11、inutes.这个段落一共有三个句子, 其中第2句中出现了Fords friends(Ford的朋友), 这个短语揭示第2句是一个细节句, 第3句中出现了具体的时间(in 1914), 这也表明第3句是细节句, 所以判断该段的第一句是主题句, 该句中出现了“assembly line”， 因此判断B是答案。该句说“光是公司的装配线就把美国的工业革命投入到了高速运转之中”。提示：段落的主题句直接揭示段落的主题。-职称英语的长句子可能带有较多的附属结构如：动名词结构，不定式结构，分词结构，介词短语结构， 从句结构等， 而且该可能出现从句套从句的结构。尤其是在B级和A级的考题中， 甚至在一段文字中也

12、可能会同时出现较多的复杂句子结构。如理工类Mobile Phone(B级：2002年理工类阅读理解考题)中的第一段：Mobile phones should carry a label if they proved to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be built until the long-term health effects of the electromagne

13、tic radiation they emit are scientifically evaluated, he said. Nobodys going to drop dead overnight but we should be asking for more information, RobertBell said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation. If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning labe

14、l until proper shields can be devised, he said.职称英语的句子结构特点归纳如下:1.长句子结构复杂: 句子中从句, 介词短语结构, 不定式结构, 分词结构等出现频繁，如：(2002年卫生类C级考题概括大意与完成句子：Health Education)In health education we must work with families, communities, and even regional状语 主语 谓语and national authorities to make sure that resources and support a

15、re available目的状语to enable each individual to lead a healthy life.(2003年理工C阅读理解文章Eta Carinae)The problem in observing Eta Carinae is that it has been surrounded by a cloud of gas表语从句and dust, making it hard to see the star directly.分词结构作表语从句中的结果状语句中还出现了形式宾语的结构: making it hard to see the star directly

16、(2004年综合C阅读理解文章Home Heating)Home heating, which accounts for less than 7 percent of all energy consumed in the U.S., has had a commendable (值得赞扬的) efficiency record: from 1978 to 1997, the amount of fuel consumed for this purpose declined 44 percent despite a 33 percent increase in the number of hou

17、sing units and an increase in house size.2.代词/冠词结构使用频繁, 有时指代关系较复杂, 而且常常是考点设置的地方, 如：(2002年综合类C级考题阅读理解：A thirsty World)The world is not only hungry, it is also thirsty(渴望的 (for) )for water. This may seems strange to you, since nearly 75% of the earths surface is covered with water. But about 97% of th

18、is huge amount is sea-water, or salt water, man can only drink and use the other 3% - the fresh water that comes from rivers, lakes, underground, and other sources.问题: The phrase “the world” in the first line of the passage refers toA. youB. manC. womanD. they文章要读到“man can only drink and use the oth

19、er 3%.”(该句说人类只能饮用其余的3%, 显然这说明了人类缺水, 因此人类渴望水, 这样该句的内容与the world所在的句子在内容上呼应, 对比这两个句子的内容判断B是答案. )才能让人读出“The world”的具体所指代的内容。(2003年综合类C级考题概括大意完成句子：Robots)It is estimated that 20% of all comic book heroes in Japan are robots. This is an enormous number because comics are so popular that they make up a th

20、ird of all material published in Japan.这个句子中出现了三个代词: 形式主语it; 指示代词this(指代“20% of all comic book heroes in Japan”) they (指代comics)3.被动语态出现频繁， 如：(2002年卫生类B级考题阅读理解：Natural Medicine)Experts say almost 80% of the people in the world use plants for health care. These natural medicines are used not just bec

21、ause people have no other form of treatment. They are used because people trust them. (2003年综合类C级考题阅读理解：New Foods and The New World)According to an Arabic legend, coffee was discovered when a person named Kaldi noticed that his goats were attracted to the red berries on a coffee bush.4.句子虽然不长，但有时附属结

22、构的语法功能较难辨别，如：(2002年综合类B级考题阅读判断：Norwich)Today, in comparison with places like London or Manchester, Norwich is quite small, with介词短语作状语a population of around 150,000.介词短语作定语(2004年卫生类B级考题阅读理解：Global Cancer rates to rise by 50% by 2020)Once considered a “western” disease, the report highlights that mor

23、e than 50 percent of the worlds过去分词结构作状语cancer burden, in terms of both numbers of cases and deaths, already occurs in developing countries. 介词短语结构作状语(供学员自己阅读)读长句子时，建议采用以下的步骤：1. 仔细阅读全句，抓住句子的主干结构;2. 找出句子中的所有从属成分，包括从句，短语结构，非谓语动词结构等;3. 分析从属成分的语法功能，判断它们与句子主干结构之间的相互关系;注意指示代词，插入语等成分的辨认;如：(2002年综合类A级阅读理解：E

24、ffects of Environmental Pollution)Perhaps the most commonly experienced aerosol is industrial smog of the主语 谓语 表语kind that plagued London in the 1950s and is an even greater problem in Los定语从句 并列谓语 表语 状语Angels today.(2003年综合类A级阅读理解：”Salty rice plant boosts harvest”)To overcome these problems, Flower

25、s and Yeo decided to breed rice plants that take in不定式结构作目的状语 主语 谓语 状语very little salt and store what they do absorb in cells that do not affect the plants growth.定语从句(宾语从句+ 定语从句)l 英语的基本句型、主语+系动词+表语(SVP)(Ssubject; Vverb; P-predicative)e.g. The flowers are red.主语 系动词 表语(形容词)e.g. I am a worker.主语 系动词

26、表语(名词)e.g. The book is on the table.主语 系动词 表语e.g. The truth is that he is a liar说谎的人.主语 系动词 表语e.g. He looks like his father.主语 半系动词 表语e.g. What I want to know is when you will leave for Beijing?主语 系动词 表语e.g. It is important for him to be careful.主语 系动词 表语 真正主语、主语+谓语(不及物动词)(SV)e.g. He has come back.

27、不及物动词后带作状语的副词主语 谓语e.g. They laughed at him. 不及物动词后带作状语的介词短语主语 谓语laugh at 1. 因而发笑 (e.g. laugh at a joke 听了笑话而发笑); 2. 嘲笑、主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语(SVO)(O-object)e.g. We had some bread and eggs for breakfast . for表示目的， 作为早餐主语 谓语 宾语 状语e.g. I like reading English at home.主语 谓语 动名词结构作宾语 状语e.g. We have leant that you

28、 would visit your parents tomorrow.主语 谓语 宾语从句 、主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语(SVOO)e.g. He gave me a book.主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语e.g. They informed us that they might be 20 minutes late.主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语、主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+补足语(SVOC)(C-complement)e.g. We considered him to a top student.主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语e.g. The news made him

29、very happy.主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语e.g. They find it difficult to answer the question.主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语 真正的宾语补充： 某些及物动词除要求带宾语外，有时还需要有一个成分补充说明该宾语的动作、状态、特征等，意思才完整，这个成分就是宾语补足语。e.g. We leave the door open主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语能用于“主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+补足语(SVOC)”结构的动词不多， 常见的有：set: e.g. set the bird free; 使处于某种状态make: e.g. make me h

30、appy;keep: e.g. keep the trees alive; 使保持着(某种状态)leave: e.g. leave the boy without care and support; 使处于某种状态补充：Without: perp.没有;不e.g. They have endured three days without food or water. (没有)e.g. Close the door without making any noise, please. (不)还有一种存在句型: there be 的句型e.g. There is something wrong here.e.g. There are two people over there.英语句子中的几个基本句式:陈述句，疑问句，感叹句和祈使句。 陈述句分为肯定句和否定句， 陈述句和否定句(在be动词后加not或在助动词后加not)是我们最为熟悉的句式， 最常见的结构。e.g. He is a worker. 其否定句是：He is not a worker.e.g. He likes English. 其否定句：He doesnt like