山东专升本英语语法与词汇.docx

1、山东专升本英语语法与词汇大学英语语法与词汇第一章 时态英语中谓语动词时态(Tense)是一种动词形式，不同步态用以表达在不同步间完毕动作或保持状态。英语动词共有十六种时态，这里将重点解说其中较惯用十种时态。现以动词do为例，将英语十六种时态列表如下： 普通时态进行时态完毕时态完毕进行时态当前dodoesamisaredoinghavehasdonehavehasbeen doing过去didwasweredoinghad donehad been doing将来shallwilldoshallwillbe doingshallwillhave doneshallwillhave been do

2、ing过去将来woulddowouldbe doingwouldhave donewouldhave been doing一、普通当前时( The Present Indefinite Tense)1. 用于表达客观事实，当前重复发生或习惯性动作以及存在特性、状态等,常与often，always，sometimes，usually，once a week，every day，seldom等时间状语连用。【例句】The earth revolves around the sun.The students get up at six thirty every morning.2. 表达按筹划或安排

3、好将来动作,常使用arrive，be，go，start，stay等动词。【例句】There is a dancing party tonight.The plane arrives in Beijing at three this afternoon.3.用在以as soon as，when，after，while，as，until，till，whenever，the monment，the minute，immediately，directly等引导时间状语从句中或以if，unless，as/so long as，in case，provided that等引导条件状语从句中，代替普通将来时

4、。【例句】Ill ring you as soon as he comes back. If it is fine tomorrow we will go swimming.The machine starts running the moment the button is pressed.注：if条件句中，有will浮现时，will是情态动词，意义为“乐意”，“肯”。二、普通过去时( The Past Indefinite Tense)普通过去时用于表达过去某时刻或某一时期内动作或状态，也可表达过去习惯性动作。常与表白过去时间状语连用,如yesterday，then，just now，la

5、st month，two days ago，in 1990，或由when或while等引导表白过去时间状语从句。【例句】We met him last week.Where did you live when you were young?He used to do fourteen hours a day.提示：普通过去时不强调动作对当前影响，只阐明过去。三、普通将来时(The Future Indefinite Tense)普通将来时用来表达将来某个时间会发生动作或状况，也可表达将来重复发生动作或习惯性动作。【例句】We shall (will) go to Nanjing tomorro

6、w morning.He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic.The students will have five English classes per week this term.提示：表达将来时态其她形式与用法：1“be going to +动词原形”表达（能看出迹象）不久就要发生事情或打算要做事。It is going to rain.2“be to +动词原形”表达安排好动作或安排别人去做事。They are to meet in front of the hall.You are not to brin

7、g any materials to the exam room.3“be about to +动词原形”表达即将发生或正要做事。The conference is about to begin.4“be +当前分词”有时可表达按筹划即将发生一种动作，但仅合用于少数某些动词（如arrive，come，go，leave，start等）并且常跟表达较近将来时间状语连用。My friend is arriving here the day after tomorrow.提示：在美国英语中第一、二、三人称都用“will+动词原形”四、当前进行时（The Present Continuous Tense

8、）当前进行时表达此刻或现阶段正在进行动作。但表达后一种状况时，动作此刻不一定正在进行。【例句】We are making an experiment now.Steve is studying Chinese in Beijing.此外，当前进行时也可用来给习惯动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩。【例句】He is always cooking some delicious food for her family.He is always finding fault with his employees.提示：并非所有动词均有进行时，有些表达状态和感觉动词普通无进行时，除非此类动词词义发生变化。此类

9、动词有：be，love，like，hate，believe，think（以为），feel，seem等。【例句】Do you see anyone over there?Are you seeing someone off?（see off 意为“为送行”）五、过去进行时(The Past Continuous Tense)过去进行时表达过去某一时刻正在发生动作，或过去某阶段内正在发生或重复发生动作。普通带有一种表达过去时间状语或状语从句或能通过上下文判断过去时间。【例句】We were having a preparatory meeting at two-thirty yesterday a

10、fternoon.She was writing a composition when you came in.Bill was coughing all night long.六、将来进行时(The Future Continuous Tense)将来进行时表达将来某时也许正在发生或持续动作。【例句】Ill be reading this time tomorrow.Most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station.七、当前完毕时(The Present Perfect Tense)当前完毕时表达

11、当前已完毕或刚刚完毕动作，也可以表达从过去某一时刻发生，当前仍延续着动作或状况。经常与for+一段时间或与since（+时间一点）引导短语或从句连用，也可与某些表达不拟定过去时间副词连用，如already，before，ever，never，just，once，recently，yet，up to now，so far，thus far，up till/to now，in the last/past few years等。【例句】We have been to Shanghai once. They have already finished the task.He has studied E

12、nglish for more than 10 years.He has studied English since 1991/ since he was twelve.So far everything has been successful.八、过去完毕时(The Past Perfect Tense)过去完毕时表达过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完毕动作。在时间上,它属于“过去过去”。在句中常有明显参照动作或有表达“到过去某时为止”时间状语，如by，before等介词或连词引导短语或状语从句。【例句】By the end of the war，the small workshop had be

13、come a large factory.The plane had taken off before we got to the airport.They found that a stream had formed in the field.提示：在由after，as soon as，before等连词引导状语从句复合句中，由于连词自身已明确动作发生顺序，因此，这个从句也可以用普通过去时表达，不一定用过去完毕时。【例句】Students went out after the bell rang.I informed him of the progress of the work as so

14、on as I arrived here.提示：在It is/ was the first/second/last time that 句型中，that后从句谓语用当前/过去完毕时。【例句】 Is it the first time youve visited the city? That was the second time that Id visited England that year.九、将来完毕时(The Future Perfect Tense)将来完毕时表达将来某时前将已经完毕动作，也可以用来表达推测。【例句】By this time next year they will

15、have built a hotel here.Hurry up！Or the train will have left before we get to the station.十、当前完毕进行时(The Present Perfect Continuous Tense) 当前完毕进行时表达从过去某时开始，始终持续到当前动作。此动作或状况也许已停止，也也许继续下去。但强调到说话时为止始终在进行动作。【例句】They have been working for IBM for 15 years.I have been waiting for an hour but she still hasn

16、t come.有些动词如play，stay，study，teach，wait等，在表达始终继续到当前动作时，可以用当前完毕进行时，或用当前完毕时。Bill has played (has been playing) basketball since he was sixteen years old.提示：当前完毕时和当前完毕进行时区别是：前者强调过去发生动作对当前影响。后者强调动作延续性。【例句】I have thought it over. 我已经考虑过这件事了。I have been thinking it over. 我始终在考虑这件事。十一、考点考试中浮现最多时态是将来完毕时、当前完毕

17、时、过去完毕时、当前完毕进行时，时间或条件状语从句中用普通当前时代替普通将来时。针对此类题目，考生一方面要抓住就是时间状语，判断是当前时间、将来时间还是过去时间？是短暂时间还是延续时间？另一方面要考虑主从句动作先后问题。空格中应填入动词是发生在题干动词之前还是之后，抑或同步发生，据此判断对的时态。时态一致问题时态一致重要指主从复合句中，从句动词必要与主句谓语动词保持时态一致；当主句谓语动词是当前或将来时态时，从句动词时态不受影响；当主句谓语动词是过去时态时，从句动词则要变成相应过去时态。时态一致重要存在于宾语从句和间接引语中，如：【例句】Will you tell me who set the

18、 record?I hadnt expected that you would come so early.She said that she hadnt recognized me.但是，当宾语从句和间接引语中谓语动作表达一种不变事实或至今依然如此状况时，则可以不作任何时态调节，如：Copernicus put forward that the sun，instead of the earth，is the center of the universe.1. 第二章 语态语态(Voice)是阐明句子中主语与谓语之间关系动词形式。英语语态有两种：积极语态(Active Voice)和被动语态(

19、Passive Voice)。积极语态表达主语是谓语动作执行者，被动语态表达主语是谓语动作承受者。一、被动语态形式：由“be（助动词）+过去分词（及物动词）”构成。Be 随着主语人称、时态和数不同而变化。被动语态各种时态形式见下表（以provide为例）：普通时态进行时态完毕时态当前amisareprovidedamisarebeing providedhashavebeen provided过去waswereprovidedwaswerebeing providedhad been provided将来shallwillbe providedshallwillhave been provid

20、ed过去将来wouldbe providedwouldhave been provided提示：被动语态没有完毕进行和将来进行时态。二、被动语态用法：1当动作执行者不明确或无需指出时【例句】Printing was introduced into Europe from China.A lecture on English literature will be given tonight.2为了强调动作承受者【例句】Four people were killed and thirty injured in the bomb attack.Susan was singled out for pr

21、aise yesterday.3为了修辞需要 【例句】 He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.Yesterday he visited our university and was welcomed by the President.提示:1除及物动词外，某些相称于及物动词短语动词如call on，carry out，look after，deal with，take care of等也可使用被动态形式，短语动词应被视为不可分割一某些，普通不拆开使用。T

22、his matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.My younger brother is well looked after (by my grandma).2不及物动词（或相称于一种不及物动词短语动词）和表达状态动词（或短语动词）无被动态形式，如：happen，rise，occur，take place，break out等;以及lack，fit，suit，equal，become，resemble，befall，consist of，look like等。The story happened in 1949.The committee

23、consists of ten members.3将积极态形式改为被动态形式时，如遇到带有双宾语动词如buy，give，send，show，teach，tell，write等，只能将其中之一变为主语，另一种保持不变。当直接宾语变为主语时，保持在原位间接宾语前需加介词to。积极句：We teach the students English in a new way. 被动句：The students are taught English in a new way.English is taught to the students in a new way.三、考点在历年考试中，被动语态普通不作为

24、单独测试项目浮现，都是与时态，虚拟语调，非谓语动词等语法项目一起浮现。此外还要注意下列几种特殊被动状况：1形式积极但意义被动动词某些动词某些用法采用积极形式表达被动意义。常用此类动词有sell，read，wash，wear，cut，spread，iron，open，peel等。【例句】His new book is selling badly.The shop doesnt open on Sundays.These oranges peel well.2积极不定式代替被动不定式1) 当不定式作表语形容词补足成分时，主语又是不定式逻辑宾语，不定式要用积极形式表被动意义。不定式这种用法经常出当前

25、形容词easy，hard，difficult，comfortable，interesting，nice，heavy，dangerous等之后。【例句】Mary is easy to teach. His theory is difficult to understand.The river is dangerous to bathe in.2)to blame（为发生某种坏事承担责任）常以积极形式浮现却表达被动含义。【实例】Nobody was to blame for the accident. 对于这起事故，谁也不能责怪。The mother didnt know who _ for th

26、e broken glass. A. blamed B. be blamed C. to blame D. would blame ( C ) （.1）3以积极动名词形式表达被动含义。1) 这一用法重要出当前表达“需要” 动词need，want，require之后，多数状况下由事物充当其主语，偶尔可以由人作主语，动名词与句子主语之间有动宾关系，也可以用被动不定式代替，而句子含义没有差别。【实例】 The floor requires washing/ to be washed.The house wanted repairing，unless he decided to move to the

27、 country. The patient will need looking after. Your hair wants _. Youd better have it done tomorrow.A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut ( C ) (1997.6)2) 在形容词worth（值得做某事，有做某事价值）之后，并且worth 后动词与句子主语之间有动宾关系。【实例】The book is worth reading. What a lovely party！Its worth _ all my life. A. remembering B

28、. to remember C. to be remembered D. being remembered ( A ) (.6)名词性从句 名词性从句(the noun clause)是在句中重要起名词作用各类从句统称，重要涉及主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导这些名词性从句关联词涉及：从属连词that，if，whether；连接代词who，whoever，whom，whomever，which，whichever，what，whatever，whose；连接副词where，when，why，how。其中，从属连词只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何句法成分，而连接代词和连接副词既起连

29、接作用，又在从句中充当一定成分。 【例句】That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising. (that引导主语从句)The fact is that he didnt go to the dinner party. (that引导表语从句)I dont know if he will attend the meeting. (that引导宾语从句) Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom?你据说玛丽要和汤姆结婚消息了吗?(that引导同位语

30、从句) 一、主语从句 主语从句重要有三类：what等代词引导主语从句；由连词that引导主语从句；由连接代词或连接副词引导主语从句。 1第一类主语从句关联词what，事实上已成为关系代词(= the thing that)，它所引导主语从句在构造上相称于名词加定语从句。除what外，whatever也可引出主语从句，具有强调语调，可作主语从句主语或宾语。 【例句】They lost their way in the forest，and what made matters worse was that night began to fall. 她们在森林里迷了路，更糟糕是，夜幕开始降临。(what在从句中作主语)Whatever we have achieved is attributed to the guidance of our teachers. 无论咱们获得什么成绩都归功于教师辅导。(whatever在主语从句中作宾语=Anything that)【例题】 Although _ happened in that developed country sounds like science fiction，it could occur else where in the world. A. which B. what