初中语法复习时态综合复习讲义.docx

1、初中语法复习 时态综合复习讲义初中语法复习 时态综合复习讲义初中语法复习-时态综合复习讲义(一)英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异：英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定，比如书这个字，一本书、三本书都一样，没有词形变化。英语就不同了，book,books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。例如：在中国是个伟大的国家。和中国曾经是世界上最伟大的国家。这两句话当中，汉语的是没有变化，而是用曾经这个词来表达时间的不同。China

2、 is agreat country.中国是个伟大的国家。China was the greatest country in the world.中国曾经是世界上最伟大的国家。在这几句中，动词be的形态变了，表示的时间变了，但意义没有变化。再如，他经常帮助我。他昨天帮助我了。和他一直在帮助我。这三句话当中，汉语的帮助没有任何变化，而是用经常、一直和昨天分别表达出时间的区别。英语就不同，它必须用动词本身的形态变化来完成任务。He often helps me.他经常帮助我。He helped me yesterday.他昨天帮助我了。He has been helping me.他一直在帮助我。

3、在这几句中，动词help的形态变了，表示的时间变了，但意义没有变化。(二)英语动词的形式：英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式：(1)动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后，或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。(2)一般现在时第三人称单数形式(简称现单三)：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。(3)过去式：主要用于一般过去时。(4)现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。(5)过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。这里提到的语法规定的其他情况我

4、们在以后的讲座中会详细介绍。下面把这些动词形式的构成说明一下。动词一般现在时第三人称单数(现单三)的构成，见下表：词尾变化(规律与名词变复数相同，读音也与名词复数相同)举例一般加-sHelp-helps；read-reads在ch,sh,s,x或元音字母o后面加-esDo,fix,pass,push,teach-does,fixes,passes,pushes,teaches以辅音字母加y结尾的词，变y为i再加-esTry,study-tries,stuides与名词变复数形式相同，读音也相同。动词过去式和过去分词，大多数是动词原形+ed构成，这是规则动词。规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表：词尾

5、变化举例词尾读音动词后面加-edHelp-helped Work-worked Watch-watched清辅音之后读tWant-wanted need-neededt,d之后读tTurn-turned play-played元音和浊辅音(d除外)之后读d以不发音的e结尾的词，加-dLove-loved Serve-served结尾是辅音字母+y时，y变i，再加-edStudy-studied Try-tried结尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，双写辅音字母再加-edStop-stopped Drop-dropped清辅音之后读t不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有其特殊变化形式，需要个别记忆，同

6、时也要善于发现不规则中的规则，即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。如：weepwept,sleepslept,sweepswept现在分词一律由动词原形加-ing构成，规则如下表：词尾变化举例一般加-ingLook-looking,try-trying以不发音的e结尾的词，去掉e，再加-ingWrite-writing,dance-dancing以一个辅音字母(x除外)词尾的重读闭音节词，先双写词尾的辅音字母，再加-ingBegin-beginning,swim-swimming,Run-running,sit-sitting以-ie结尾的词，变ie为y，再加-ingDie-dying,l

7、ie-lying请大家花几分钟看看这几个概念：1.四种时态形式：一般、进行、完成、完成进行一般时态：强调行为本身(叙述性)进行时态：强调在进行中(生动性，相当于汉语的在，正在)完成时态：强调已经发生(重点在行为的影响、结果，相当于汉语的已经)完成进行：强调持续进行(相当于汉语的一直)2.四种时间：现在、过去、将来、过去将来。然后就像搭积木一样把它们组合起来就行了：每种时态形式配合四种时间英语动词时态表一、概况一般时进行时完成时完成进行时一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行时一般过去将来时过去将来进行时

8、过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时二、十六种时态的谓语形式一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在原形/现三单am/is/are+现分have/has+过分have/has been+现分过去过去式was/were+现分had+过分had been+现分将来shall/will+动原shall/will be+现分shall/will have+过分shall/will have been+现分过去将来should/would+动原should/would be+现分should/would have+过分should/would have been+现分一、一般现在时：概念：经常、反复发生的动

9、作或行为及现在的某种状况。时间状语：always,usually,often,sometimes,every week(day,year,month),once aweek,etc.基本结构：be(am,is,are)动词；have(have,has)行为动词的原形或现三单否定形式：am/is/are+not；此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。一般现在时主要由动词原形表示，但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s，另外be和ha

10、ve要根据人称的变化使用特殊的形式。一般现在时主要表示经常性的动作或存在的状态，还可用来表示普遍真理。The Yangtze rises in Qinghai.长江发源于青海。Actions speak louder than words.行动胜于言辞。We have friends all over the world.我们的朋友遍天下。专项练习：一、单选1 Jenny _in an office.Her parents _in ahospital.A work works Bworks work Cwork are working Dis working work 2One of the

11、boys_ ablack hat.A have Bthere is Cthere are Dhas 3We will go shopping if it_ tomorrow.A dont rain Bdidnt rain Cdoesnt rain Disnt rain 4He said the sun _in the east and _in the west.A rose；set Brises；sets Crises,set Drise；sets 5Wang Mei _music and often _to music.A like；listen Blikes；listens Clike；a

12、re listening Dliking；listen 6Jenny_ English every evening.A has study Bstudies Cstudy Dstudied答案：1 B2D 3C 4B 5B 6B二、填空1 Ican take Li Ming there when he _(come)to visit.2 _your sister_(know)English?3Her home_ _(远离)her school.4The pot_(not look)like yours very much.5 Where _you_(have)lunch every day?6

13、 Who_(想要)to go swimming?7 _she_(do)the housework every day?8 Jenny and Danny usually_(play)games in the afternoon.答案：1 comes 2Does know 3is away from 4doesnt look 5do have 6wants 7does do 8play二、单三人称形式易出错例：1 He plaies(play)football very well.2 Danny gos(go)to school at 7：10.答案：1 plays 2goes解析：1以辅音字母

14、加y结尾的动词变单三人称形式才能把y换成i再加es；2与名词变复数不同，变单三人称形式以o结尾的词要加es.三、在句式变换时易出错例：1 Does Jenny has(has)a good friend?2 Brian doesnt lives(not live)in China.答案：1 Does have 2doesnt live解析：单三人称做主语的一般现在时做句式变化时，可记住如下口诀：见助动，用原形。此口诀也可推广用于一般过去时态中。e.g.He didnt go home yesterday.四、对do的理解易出错例：We dont(not do)our homework in t

15、he afternoon.答案：dont do解析：do是一个比较难理解的词，它有三个含义：a)是所有行为动词的总称；b)是助动词，无实义；c)是一个具体的行为动词做，干。此句中给出的do指做，干，not指把此句变为否定句，故须在do前加助动词dont。五、对主语的数判断有误例：Li Ming with me are(be)in Beijing.答案：is解析：表面一看是我和李明两个人在北京，但with在此做伴随状语，不能做主语，故用is.另外，宾语从句中，从句部分若是表示客观真理，不管主句是何时态，从句都要用一般现在时；在时间和条件状语从句中，主句表将来，从句要用一般现在时。二、一般过去时：

16、概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。时间状语：ago,yesterday,the day before yesterday,last week(year,night,month),in 1989,just now,at the age of 5,one day,long long ago,once upon atime,etc.基本结构：be(was,were)动词；行为动词的过去式否定形式：was/were+not；在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词。一般过去时由

17、动词过去式表示，动词be根据人称有was和were两个词形，规则动词在词尾加-d-或ed；其他动词参阅不规则动词变化表,该时态主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情况。Its apity that you did not go to the movie.很遗憾你没有去看那部电影。Many people died in the tsunami that took place in Thailand.很多人在泰国的那次海啸中遇难丧生。专项练习：一选择1 She lived there before he_to China.A.came B.comes C.come D.coming 2I _but_not

18、hing.A.was listened；was hearing B.listened；heard C.have listened；heard D.listened；heard of 3When did you _here?A.got to B.reached C.arrive in D.reach 4I_my homework at 7：00 yesterday evening.A.finished B.would finish C.was finishing D.finish 5-He didnt go shopping with you yesterday afternoon,did he

19、?-_.A.No,he doesnt B.Yes,he didnt C.No,he did D.Yes,he did.6-I have had supper.-When _you_it?A.have；had B.do,have C.did,have D.will have答案：1 A2 B3 D4 A5 D6 C二填空1 They_(be)on the farm amoment ago.2 There_(be)a shop not long ago.3 Jenny_(not go)to bed until 11：00 oclock last night.4 Danny _(read)Engli

20、sh five minutes ago.5 I_(see)Li Lei _(go)out just now.6 He _(do)his homework every day.But he _(not do)it yesterday.7 When Iwas young,I _(play)games with my friends.8 When _you_(write)this book?I _it last year.9 Did he_(have)lunch at home?10 I_(eat)the bread,Im full now.答案：1 were 2was 3didnt go 4rea

21、d 5saw go 6does；didnt do 7played 8did write；wrote 9have 10 have eaten三在句式变换时易出错例：1 We didnt went(not go)out last Friday.2 Did you had(have)a good time yesterday?答案：1 didnt go 2Did have解析：请记住口诀见助动,用原形.四易与单三人称作主语的一般现在时弄混例：He taughts(teach)me English last year.答案：taught解析：行为动词的过去式无人称和数的变化.即使主语是单三人称,也和其

22、它人称所用动词的形式一样.五易与现在完成时弄混例：我看过这部电影I saw(see)the film.答案：I have seen(see)the film.解析：我看过这部电影说明我了解这部电影的内容,强调现在的情况,应用现在完成时；一般过去时态的句子只是说明我看了这场电影,与现在无关.六易与过去进行时弄混,这里不在重复.三、现在进行时：概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。时间状语：now,at this time,these days,etc.基本结构：am/is/are+现分否定形式：am/is/are+not+现分.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。现在进行时是由助动词be加现

23、在分词构成的。主要表示现在或现时刻这一阶段正在进行的动作，有时候还用来表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。How are things getting on with you?工作进行的怎么样?Someone is asking for you on the phone.有人找你接电话。They are publishing anew version of the playscript by Taso Yu this autumn.今年秋天他们要出版曹禺剧作的一个新译本。专项训练：一、单选1、Look！He _their mother do the housework.A.is helpin

24、g B.are help C.is help D.is helpping 2、_are the boys doing?They are singing in the room.A.Who B.How C.What D.Where 3、Dont talk here.My mother _.A.is sleeping B.are sleeping C.sleeping D.sleep 4、Danny _.Dont call him.A.is writeing B.is writing C.writing D.writes 5、 When_he_back? Sorry,I dont know.A.d

25、oes,come B.are coming C.is come D.is coming答案：A CA BD二、填空1、Its ten oclock.My mother _(lie)in bed.2、What_he _(mend)?3、We _(play)games now.4、What _you_(do)these days?5、_he _(clean)the classroom?6、Who_(sing)in the next room?7、The girl_(like)wearing asweater.Look！She _(wear)a red sweater today.答案：1 is l

26、ying 2is mending 3are playing 4are doing 5Is cleaning 6is singing 7likes；is wearing一把动词变成现在分词形式易出错例：1、They are swiming.(swim)2、Jenny is plaiing(play)football.答案：1.swimming 2.playing解析：动词变现在分词可有如下口诀：一添一去y不变.一添指双写规则；一去指去掉不发音字母e规则；y不变指要与名词变复数区分开。二丢掉be动词或忘记把动词变成现在分词例：1、Look,two children flying.(fly)a ki

27、te in the park.2、Li Mingisnt read(not read)a book in bed now.答案：1 are flying 2isnt reading解析：现在进行时肯定句的结构规律为：be+现在分词,缺一不可。这一点必须牢记。三对动词或动词词组提问时丢掉doing例：1、The students are singing in the room.(对划线部分提问)What are the students in the room?答案：What are the students doing in the room?解析：现在进行时态中对动作提问可记住此句式What

28、+be+主语+doing+其它?或简写为Whatdoing?句式。四现在进行时态的选择疑问句中易忽视or后用现在分词形式例：孩子们在跑还是在跳?Are the children running or jump?答案：Are the children running or jumping?解析：or连接的是两个并列成分，动词形式须一致。四、过去进行时：概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。时间状语：at this time yesterday,at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。基本结构：was/were+现分否定形式：was/wer

29、e+not+现分一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。过去进行时是由助动词be的过去式加上现在分词构成的，主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。At that time she was working as an assistant in aphysics labatory.那时她在一家物理实验室做助手。They took us to see the chemical fibre mill that they were building.他们带我们去参观了他们正在修建的化纤厂。专项训练：一、单选1 What _from three to four yesterday afternoon?A h

30、ave you done Bhad you done Cdid you do Dwere you doing 2 Icall you yesterday evening,but there was no answer.-Oh.,Im sorry I_ dinner at my friends home.A home Bhad Cwas having Dhave had 3My mother _while my father _TV.A cooked；was watching Bwas cooking；was watching Cwas cooked；watched Dcooked；watche

31、d 4When Igot home,my son _the music.A am listening to Blistened to Cwas listening to Dwas listening 5We heard acry when we _TV last night.A were watching Bwould watch Cwatch Dwatched 6She asked him whether he _back for lunch.A come Bwas coming Ccame Dhad come 7Could you tell me when _?A she is coming Bshe was coming Cwill be come Dis he coming 8The teacher _when Icame into the classroom.A is drawing Bdraws Chas drawn Dwas drawing 9The pizza _by my mother.Would yo