不定式的用法.docx

1、不定式的用法英语语法课程结业作业 姓名：张利军学号：200901014228 班级：英语092动词不定式Infinitive不定式有两种，一种是带to的不定式（to-infinitive），另一种是不带to的不定式和动词原形相同也被称作bare infinitive.但在大多数情况下不定式都是带to的，因此说不定式是通常都指带to的不定式。重点：1. 不定式的时态语态2 不定式的句法功能 a.作主语b. 作宾语c. 作宾语补足语 d. 作定语 e. 作状语f.作表语1. 不定式的时态语态时态/语态主动语态被动语态一般时to do to be done进行时to be doing完成时to ha

2、ve doneto have been done完成进行时to have been doing1 一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后。例如：Im glad to meet you. 很高兴见到你。 The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老师要求完成工作。2 进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生。例如：The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力。He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房

3、间里面读书。3 完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影。He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高兴能遇上他的朋友。2不定式的句法功能作主语 。用不定式作主语时，常表示一次性的，具体的，特指的动作。例如： To see is to believe.眼见为实。 To say is easier than to do.说起来容易做起来难。 To err is human, to forgive divine.犯错误是人之常情，宽恕才难能可贵 。*动词

4、不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后。常见的几种句式有下面几种：a. It +be + 形容词+不定式。例如：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。It is important to know your own limitations. 知道自己的局限性是重要的 .b. It + be +形容词+ for +不定式。例如：What time would it be convenient for me to come again? 我什么时候再来比较方便？It would

5、 be wrong for us not to help them.我们不帮助他们是不对的。c. It + be +形容词+ of +不定式。(这里的形容词往往也修饰不定式的逻辑上的主语，指他们的性格，品质，赞扬或批评等)例如：It is very kind of you to help us.你这么好心来帮助我们。It was selfish of him not to contribute anything. 他很自私什么也没捐。 d. It +be +名词+不定式。例如:Its a pity to leave so early.这么早走太遗憾了。Its a pleasure to be

6、with you. 和你在一起很愉快。e. It takes/took sb. some time/sth. to do sth.It took me a year to save up for a computer. 我用一年时间才省出钱买一台电脑。It takes an exceptional parent to cope with a child like that. 需要一个罕有的父母才能对付这样一个孩子。f. It + be +介词短语+不定式 。 例如：It is quite beyond my power to answer the question. 我没有能力回答这个问题。I

7、ts just like her to think of others before thinking of herself.她就是这个样子先想到别人后想到自己。作宾语a. 有些动词之后要用不定式作宾语表示具体的动作或行为。类似的动词有：hope, agree, arrange, forget, wish, want, plan, help, offer, need, intend, fail, prefer, refuse, manage, promise, determine, mean, like, decide等。(用在help后面的不定式可以加to, 也可以不加to)例如：She p

8、retended not to see me when I came in.她假装没有看到我进来。He refused to comply with his fathers wishes. 他拒不顺从他父亲的意愿 。b. 不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略toHe wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他希望学医并成为医生。c. 有时用先行词it 作形式主语，把不定式放句子后面。例如：I have long had it in mind to answer your letter. 好久以来我一直想回你的信。She took it on he

9、rself to apologize for me.她亲自出面替我道歉。d. 不定式前可与疑问词和whether 连用。例如： They waited and wondered what to do.他们等候着不知怎么办才好。He didnt know whether to feel glad or sorry at his dismissal. 他不知道被解雇是应当高兴还是难过。e. 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，例如： I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里，别无选择。He did nothing last Sunday but repair h

10、is bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干。作宾语补足语，不定式作宾语补足语时表示一个完整的动作过程将要发生，经常发生或已经发生。a. 有些动词后面加不定式构成宾语补足语，如：get, ask, beg, invite, oblige, allow, hate, wish, order, want, like, request等。如：Ill get someone to it for you. 我去找人帮你做这件事。His new book has shown him to be a first-rate novelist. 这本新书表明他是一流的小说家。b. 疑问代词与副词也可与不

11、定式连用构成宾语补足语。例如：I advised her where to stay.我帮她出主意在哪里住。I will tell you what to do.我来告诉你怎么办。c.如果动词如let, have, make, hear, listen to, notice, see, observe, look at, watch, feel, 等使役动词和感官动词，在主动语态中要用不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语，在被动语态中用带to 的不定式作宾语补足语。如：We often see the old man stand at the door of his house. 我们经常看见这位老

12、人站在门口。The old was often seen to stand at the door of his house. 这位老人经常被看到站在门口。d. 介词与不定式连用 如：We can count on them to support us.我们可以指望得到他们的支持。You may depend on me to be there early.你放心我会早到的。作定语（不定式作定语通常后置，即作后置定语表示将来发生的动作，与被修饰的名词之间存在动宾关系，同位关系，主谓关系或修饰关系）a.不定式作定语修饰人，物及一些抽象名词。如：Its a pleasant thing to re

13、member. 这是件值得记住的愉快的事。I made a list of the things to be mended.我记下了需要修补的东西。He was the only foreigner to be given such an honor. 他是唯一被给于这种荣誉的外国人。Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下达了发起总攻的命令。b. 不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如： He found a good house to live in. 他找到了一个居住的好房子。 The ch

14、ild has nothing to worry about. 这个孩子无忧无虑。 What did you open it with? 你用什么打开它？ *如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词： He has no place to live. 他无处安身。This is the best way to work out this problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法。c. 有些名词的同根词后通常都跟不定式，因此他们也常用不定式作定语。如：Prices have an inclination to go up. And Prices are inclined

15、to go up.物价有上涨的趋势。They didnt show much willingness to help. And They were not willing to help.他们没有表现出帮助的意思。d. 用不定式代替定语从句(多指将要发生的事)如：Perhaps in years to come we shall meet again.或许在将来的岁月中我们还会再见。In the lectures to follow she will tell us more about Africa.在以后的报告中，她将给我们谈更多非洲的情况。*另外，which和不定式连用，相当于一个缩短了

16、的定语从句。She had some money in the bank, with which to help her mother.她银行里有些钱用来帮助她的母亲。5 作状语a.不定式作状语可以表示目的，结果，原因。.表目的。如：He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。They came to see their mother in hospital.他们来看住院的妈妈。*注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： wrong：To save money, every means has been tried. rig

17、ht：To save money, he has tried every means. 为了省钱，他使出了浑身解数。 wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语，他需要一本词典。. 表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果 意料之外)： 常放在never ，only后。如：He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了，只见火车已经走了。I visited him

18、 only to find him out. 我去拜访他，只见他出去了。. 表原因：常放在形容词后面 . 如;They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。 I rejoice to hear that you are all well again .我很高兴听到你痊愈。b. 不定式在某些句型中作状语的应用。. So as (not) to , in order(not) to, 以便，以免 （表目的， 但 so as to 不能放句首）如：The test questions are kept secret so as to preven

19、t cheating. 考题都保密以防作弊。Go in quietly in order not to wake other people. 悄悄的进去以免惊醒别人。. (not) enough to (不)够做某事，too to, so(such) as to , (表结果，但too to结构与only, never 连用时语法结构发生了变化，因此要择意而用之 )如：He is not strong enough to carry the box.他力气不够提不起那个箱子。We were fortunate enough to get an empty car.我们很幸运找到一辆空车。It

20、was too late to do anything now.现在要做什么已为时太晚。Never too old to learn .活到老学到老。. Be so kind /good as to be kind /good enough to 可否劳驾Would you be so good as to let me know as soon as possible?可否劳驾尽快通知我？Would you be good enough to hold my bag? 可否劳驾帮我把包拿着？6 作表语a.不定式作表语时，说明主语的具体内容或目的。如：The first step is to

21、check the victims breathing. 第一步是检查说害人的呼吸。the home is to let .房子是要出租的。b.不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。If you dont want to do it, you dont need to. 如果你不想做这件事，你就不必做Would you like to come to the show?- Id like to. 你想去看表演吗？非常乐意。 语法试题1. The Clarks havent decided yet which hotel _. (TEM4-1998-49) A. to stay B. is to

22、stay C. to stay at D. is for staying解析：选C.这个句子中的谓语是decide,且一个句中不能有两个谓语，所以选项B和D都是错误的；不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，所以选项A少了一个介词at.2. Linda was _ the experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the last minute. (TEM4-2007-54) A. to start B. to have started C. to be starting D. to have been

23、 starting解析:选B. 根据句中的时间状语a month ago 和at the last time 可知她开始实施的动作发生在她改变主意之前，所以要用完成时，这样可以排除A和C;D 中的完成进行时指的是一个有过去某时一直持续的动作与句意不符。3. The project _ by the end of 2000, will expand the citystelephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.(TEM4-1999-54)A. accomplished B. being accomplishedC. to be accomplished

24、D. having been accomplished解析：选C。不定式做project 的定语，根据谓语动词will 可以看出动作还没有完成，所以要用不定式表示将要完成的动作，故选C。4The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboring country _ by the police each time. (TEM4-1999-42)A. had been captured B. being always capturedC. only to be captured D. unfortu

25、nately captured解析:选C.那三个人尝试很多次穿过边界到邻国去，结果每次都被警察俘获。 不定式作结果状语从句，并且根据句意应该用被动形式，所以A, B D 都可排除。5. What does “He wisely refused to spend his money” mean? (TEM4-2008-59) A. It was wise of him to refuse to spend his money. B. He refused to spend his money in a wise manner. C. He was short of money and didnt

26、 want to buy anything. D. He refused, in a wise manner, to spend his money.解析：选A.本题的关键在于分析句中的wisely是修饰refused to spend his money.还是修饰refused.可直接修饰refuse的副词有很多，如：firmly, flatly, politely等。但是当refuse 后面跟不定式短语时，副词修饰的是refuse to do这个动宾结构。可见题干中句子的含义是：他明智的拒绝花钱。这表示他拒绝花钱这件事很明智，而不是以一种明智的方式来拒绝。所以B和D可排除C的句意不对可直接

27、排除。6. It is not uncommon for there _ problems of communication between the old and the young. (TEM4-2007-63) A. being B. would be C. be D. to be解析：选D。there be 句型再接次for 后使用时，用there to be 这一结构；在介词of 后面使用时，用there being 这一结构。故选D.7. The opening ceremony is a great occasion. It is essential _ for that. (T

28、EM4-2003-47)A. for us to be prepared B. that we are preparedC. of us to be prepared D. our being prepared解析：选A. 在Its essential/important等句型中，我们可以用不定式结构或从句，并且从句必须用虚拟语气，为be prepared/should be prepared.故排除B和D. Essential 这个词是“必须的”意思，所以后面跟代词时不能用of,故排除C8. The minister of finance is believed _ of imposing

29、new taxes to raise extra revenue. (TEM4-2004-48) A. that is thinking B. to be thinking C. that he is to think D. to think解析：选D.人们认为财政部长正在考虑通过征收新税来增加政府的额外收入。根据句意应用动词不定时的进行时，所以B是正确的。9. It seems that she was there at the conference. The sentence means that (TEM4-2009-62)A. she seems to be there at the

30、conference. B. she seemed to be there at the conference. C. she seems to have been there at the conference. D. she seemed to being there at the conference. 解析：选C。seem 后面接不定式，也常用it seems that 句型，即将简单句变为复合句，他们之间具有同意可换性。本题中的句子是个主系表结构，谓语动词seems表明的是现在看起来,而表语从句中的谓语动词是was ,说明这是一个现在对过去事情的判断。因此改写成简单句后seems 的

31、时态不变，所以排除B和D，而to be应该用to have been,表示对过去事情的判断。故排除A。10The pressure causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.(TEM-1997-47)A. to compete B. competing C. to be competed D. having competed解析：选A。竞争的压力使得美国人精力旺盛，但同时也使他们长期处于精神紧张的状态。根据结构pressure 后第一个定语。to compete 不定式可作其后置定语；competing 现在分词置于其前面的修饰词；to be competed 为不定式被动语态，而compete 常用主动语态；having competed 为分词完成时，不合句意，故我们可选A项。 .