英语高考整理.docx

1、英语高考整理英语高考整理单词词形不变，但词性发生了变化The shop opens (vi.开始营业) at nine oclock and will keep open (adj.营业着的) beyond midnight.I can smell (vt.闻到) something burning in the room. It is a burnt smell (n.气味) of rice and it smells (vi.闻起来) terrible. He contacted (vt.联系) me as soon as she arrived. He made contact (n.联

2、系) with me as soon as she arrived. She lacks (vt.缺乏，没有) money and she cant afford the new shoes for lack (n.缺乏) of money.由两个或两个以上的词构成。例如：haircut, keyboard, passer(s)-by, grown-up(s), dark-blue, life-long, warm-hearted, newly-made, snow-covered, easy-going, peace-loving, 5-year-old, up-to-date由词根和词缀构

3、成，词缀又分前缀和后缀。(1) 常见前缀：1) 表示数量的前缀: bi-, tri-, semi-, kilo-, multi- 例如：bicycle, triangle, semi-final, kilogram, multimedia2) 表示反义的前缀: de-, dis- , un- , in- , il- , im- , ir- , mis- , non- 例如：decrease, disorder, unconscious, incomplete, illegal, impossible, irregular, misunderstand, nonfiction3) 表示方位或时间

4、的前缀: out-, under- , for-，post- 例如：outdoor, underground, forward, postwar4) 构成动词的前缀: en- 例如：enable, encourage5) 其它前缀: ex-, co-, inter-, over-, pre-, re-, super-, tele-, trans- 例如：ex-president, co-operation, international, overflow, preview, rewrite, superman, telescope, transform (2) 常见后缀：1) 构成名词的后缀常

5、见的有：-er, -or, -ee, -ist, -ian, -ment, -ness, -ion -ity, -ance, -ence, -ure, -ship, -hood, -ism, -age 例如：interviewer, visitor, employee, typist, musician, development, willingness, attraction, admission, ability, curiosity, appearance, dependence, failure, scholarship, childhood, socialism, shortage2

6、) 构成动词的后缀常见的有：-ify, -en 例如：beautify, classify, sharpen, strengthen3) 构成形容词的后缀常见的有：-able, -al, -ant, -ful, -ive, -ous, -y, -ly, -less, -ist, -ic 例如：avoidable, agricultural, resistant, cheerful, attractive, dangerous, sleepy, orderly, homeless, communist, alcoholic4) 构成副词的后缀常见的有：-ly, -ward 例如：carefull

7、y, comfortably, backward, downwardfavourdo sb. a favour = do a favour for sb.帮某人一个忙ask sb. a favour = ask a favour of sb.请某人帮忙in ones favour得某人欢心be in favour of 赞成，支持habitbe in the habit of doing 有做的习惯= have the habit of doing get into the habit of doing养成做的习惯by / out of habit出于习惯，潜意识地get out of the

8、 habit of doing改掉做的习惯turntake turns to do轮流做by turns 轮流地in turn依次地in ones turn轮到某人时in time及时on time准时timeat a time一次，每次at one time往昔，曾有一时at times有时，偶尔at no time在任何时候都不可ahead of time提前，提早for the time being 暂时wordhave a word with sb.与某人说句话have words with sb.与某人争吵keep ones word守诺eat ones words收回前言in a

9、word总而言之in other words换句话说word for word一字一字地，逐字Word came that有消息传来Hand: hand in hand; beforehand; by hand; near at hand; second-hand; left-handed; hand in; hand out; shake hands; haveat hand; a green handHeart: lose heart; learnby heart; heart beat; heart break; heart sink; heart and soul; whole-hea

10、rtedly; from the bottom of one主谓一致(1) 集合名词(family, population, couple, audience, class, committee, crowd, crew, group, public, staff, team, majority, party)作主语时，作为一个整体，谓语动词用单数；若就其中每一个成员而言，动词则用复数。例如：His family has moved to Los Angles.His family are watching TV now.(2) 集合名词(people, police, cattle)只有复数

11、形式，谓语动词用复数。(3) 单复数同形的名词(deer, sheep, fish, means, species, series, works)作主语时，谓语动词单复数根据其意思决定。例如：All means have been tried to solve the problem.Every means has been tried to solve the problem.(4) 时间、距离、金钱等复数名词作主语时，根据意义通常把它看作一个整体，谓语用单数。例如：Three years is indeed a short time. Five thousand dollars is mo

12、re than I can afford.(5) 以-s结尾的学科名词 (mathematics, economics, politics, physics等) 和专有名词 (the United States, the Unites Nations等) 作主语，谓语动词用单数。例如：Physics is taught well in this school.(6) 带all, most, half, part, rest, percent, one-third等词的名词词组作主语时，谓语动词单复数根据其中心词的单复数决定。例如：Most of my classmates are league

13、 members.Most of the earth is covered with water.(7) 由and 或bothand连接的并列主语，谓语动词常用复数。当并列主语指的是同一人、物或概念时，或and连接两个含有every, each, no的名词短语时，谓语动词则用单数。例如：Truth and honest is the best policy.Every boy and every girl wants to serve the people in the future.(8) 以or, nor, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also等连

14、接的名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据就近一致的原则。例如：Tom or his brothers are waiting in the room.Neither you nor I am wrong.(9) 以as well as, (together / along) with, rather than, except, besides, but, in addition to, including, like等连接的名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据前面一个名词而定。例如：The teacher as well as the students was excited.Everyone e

15、xcept Mary and John is here.(10) 不定代词such, any, some, none, all等作主语，谓语动词的单复数根据意义而定。例如：Such is our plan.Such are his words.All has been arranged.All are present. Lets begin our discussion.(11) More than one或many a 构成的主语，谓语动词用单数，而more than two或many 构成的主语，谓语动词用复数。例如：Many a ship has been damaged in the

16、storm.More than two students have seen the film.(12) one and a half 后接复数名词，但谓语动词用单数。例如：One and a half apples is left on the table.(13) the + 形容词/分词表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。例如：The blind study in special schools.(14) 主语从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数，但若所指的具体内容是复数意义，谓语动词则用复数。例如：What we need is more time.What we need are more qu

17、alified teachers.(15) this kind / type of + 复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。例如：This kind of books sells well.比较：Books of this kind sell well.it的用法(1) it不仅可指代某样东西，还可指代人 (婴儿、儿童或未知的人)。例如：Is it a boy or a girl? Its a girl.Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see who it is.(2) it 指代前面的内容。例如：Toms mother kept telling h

18、im to study harder, but it didnt help.(3) it可指代时间、季节、地点、天气、距离、金钱等。例如：I hope it is spring all the year round. It is not far from the school to my home.(4) it用作形式主语或形式宾语。例如：It is certain that prices are going up.She soon found it possible to do this regularly.(5) it用于强调句型中，即: It is (was) + 强调部分+that (

19、who)，通常被强调部分指人时用who或that，指物、时间、地点、原因等时用that。例如：It is I who am wrong.It was yesterday that I met her mother in the shopping mall.部分容易误用的代词(1) it / oneit是人称代词，可代替前面提到过的某个特指事物，复数为them；而one是不定代词，可代替前面出现的某个可数名词，复数为ones。例如：I like this digital camera, but I cant afford it.I would like to have a digital cam

20、era, but I cant afford one.(2) that / onethat替代被定冠词the等限定的有定语的名词，而one替代有不定冠词a / an修饰的名词。that可替代可数或不可数名词，指代复数名词时用those，而one只能替代可数名词，复数用ones。例如：For a lot of students, their teachers advice is more important than that of their parents.I am looking for a flat. Id like one near a park.(3) each / every1)

21、均可作形容词，但each着重于个别性，而every侧重于整体性。例如：Each / Every student contributed to the fund.2) each 可作定语、表语之外，还有名词性质，充当主、宾、同位语；而every只可作定语。例如：The teacher asked us each a question. = The teacher asked each of us a question. Every one of you has a chance to introduce yourself. 3) every与not构成部分否定。例如：Every student

22、cannot be successful. = Not every student can be successful.4) every 与数词的表达。例如：The Olympics are held every four years (every fourth year).(4) nothing / no one (nobody) / nonenothing和no one (nobody)指无具体范围的否定，而none指有一定范围的否定，常和of短语连用，既可指物也可指人。试比较：A: Did anyone come to see me? B: No one / Nobody (came t

23、o see you).A: Did any one of my friends come to see me? B: None (of your friends came to see you).(5) (the) other / (the) others / another1) 作定语时，other与复数名词或不可数名词连用，泛指“其他的”，与单数名词连用时前面往往有限定词或物主代词；而another与单数名词连用，意为“另一个，又一个”。例如：other ways of translation, other information, some other reason, my other

24、son,see you another time, another Lei Feng of our time2) 作代词时，the other特指“两者中的另一个”,常用于词组onethe other, 而the others 是the other 的复数形式；others 是other的复数形式，泛指“别的人或物”; another指“三者或三者以上的另一个”。3) 与数词的表达： other位于数字后，another位于数字前。例如：Would you please give me two other books?We are going to stay here for another

25、three weeks (for three more weeks).4) 常用词组：in other words换句话说 other than除了the other day不久前的一天 one after another一个接着一个 is one thing, and is quite another 是一回事是另一回事(6) such的用法1) 可作主语、宾语、表语，作表语时往往置于句首。例如：I may have offended him, but such was not my intention.2) 可用be such that或be such as引导从句。例如：The prog

26、ress was such that it surprised her teacher.3) 可作定语。例如：I have never seen such an interesting person (so interesting a person).We have such grapes as youve never seen.容易用错的数词(1) dozen, hundred, thousand, million, score等，试比较：two dozen (num.) eggs 两打鸡蛋 dozens (n.) of eggs 好几十只鸡蛋three thousand (num.) pe

27、ople三千人 thousands (n.) of people 数千人two score (num.) trees 四十棵树 scores (n.) of trees 数十棵树 (2) 表示在几十年代：in + the + 数词复数，例如：in the 1990s (90s / nineties)表示某人的几十岁时：in + 物主代词 + 数词复数，例如：in his fifties 习语中的冠词(1) 一般情况下，在序数词、最高级、乐器、江河、山脉、群岛、报刊杂志等名词前要用冠词the。在表示季节、月份、节假日、日期、星期、称呼、官衔职位、三餐、球类运动等名词前不用定冠词。在一些习语中，有

28、的用冠词，有的不用，没有规律，需要记忆和积累。例如：1) in detail on earth from beginning to endat hand by hand by chance / accident2) for the time being in the distance pay by the hourhit sb. on the head catch sb. by the arm3) at a loss as a rule try a third timea poet and novelist a most disagreeable experience (2) 在某些词前用不同

29、冠词，意义大不相同。例如：1) She listens carefully in class. 她上课时仔细听讲。She is the best student in the class. 她是班上最好的学生。2) Charlie has gone to school. 查理上学去了。Charlies father will go to the school to see the headmaster. 查理父亲要到学校去见校长。3) They are at table. 他们在用餐。He is sitting at the table, doing his homework. 他坐在桌旁做作

30、业。4) There is a tennis court in front of the teaching building. 教学楼的前面有个网球场。The teaching desk is in the front of the classroom. 讲台在教室的前部。5) The contest took place yesterday. 昨天举行比赛。Ill take the place of my father for a while. 我将暂时代替我父亲。6) The three of us knew nothing about it. 我们三个人(我们一共有三个)对此一无所知。O

31、nly three of us got A in the final exam. 我们中只有三个人在终考中得A。其它一些比较形式：1) more A than B 与其说B，还不如说A。例如：He is more mad than stupid. 与其说他愚蠢，不如说他发疯。2) no less than不少于，不亚于。例如：Sally is no less charming than Jane.3) no more than只是。例如： He is no more than a child. = He is only a child.4) other than除了。例如：There was nothing they could do other than spend the night in the temple.5) rather than 而不是。例如：Jack is diligent rather than clever.6) would rather do than do宁愿也不愿I would rather st