化学工业中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

1、化学工业中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文：化学工业1. 化学工业的定义在本世纪初，定义出化学工艺制品的构成是不难的，因为那时制造出来的化学产品很有限，例如，强碱、硫酸溶液。现在，千上万的化学品从天然材料中提炼出来，例如原油（某些领域）被加工成很多中间产品，可以作为消费品，或着转变成消费品。困难是在于裁决那一部分的过程属于化学工业领域，举个例子来阐释这种情况，乳化油漆可以含有聚合物（聚乙烯树脂）/聚脂（乙烯基醋酸纤维）。很明显的，人造聚乙烯树脂（或醋酸纤维）和它们的聚合物都是化工产品。然而，如果油漆的合成和配制中含有聚脂，它是由多种化工加工产生的副产品，那

2、它是属于化学工业产品还是装饰工业产品呢？办公多样化和各个工业领域的相似性造成的，是由于没有给化学工业简单定义。相反，每一个办公个体搜集和出版关于工业生产的数据，将会给那些化工生产过程一个简单的定义。在比较那些不同来源的统计信息的时候，这是需要铭记于心的。2. 化学工业的需要化学工业与许多原材料的加工有密切关系。如原油，首先要变成化工中间产品，然后被加工成各种各样的其他化工产品。这些产品经常被用来生产消费产品，使得我们的生活更加舒适，或者在另外一些领域比如制药方面，用于保持我们身体健康。每一个阶段产生的价值都被加入到产品中，而且它提供的这些附加价值远远超过了原材料价值和制造加工过程的成本，这样过

3、程中就产生了利润。这也是化学工业的目的所在。在书中提出这样一个问题可能会很奇怪：“我们需要化学工业么。”然而，如果尝试去回答这个问题就会得出：（1）化学工业活动的领域很广泛（2）它影响我们的日常生活（3）社会很需要化学工业我们的话题是回答这个问题化学工业对我们的贡献。这些需要包括什么呢？新鲜的食物（和饮料）和健康是主要的。其它我们考虑的还有服饰，住房，娱乐及交通运输。1.食物。化学工业对食物生产的主要贡献至少体现在三个方面。首先，生产大量可用化肥代替作物生长需要的自然化肥（如氮、磷、钾），促使现代农业增产。第二，生产了许多保护植物的农药。如杀虫剂，它们减少了被害虫侵蚀的农作物数量。第三，生产许

4、多兽医药品，保护家畜免受病害或者治愈它们的疾病2.健康。我们意识到化工生产中制药部门对保持我们的健康有很大贡献，比如用抗生素治愈传染病，甚至可以延续生命；再如维生素可以降低血压。3.服饰 。现在的合成纤维的质量比以前的服饰材料（如麻，棉）有了很大的提高。因此衬衫，裙子以及外套用聚酯纤维比如（涤纶或者尼龙）制成的，它们防皱，可以机洗，易干，免烫。他们也比天然原料便宜。随着科技的发展，纤维制品可以根据时尚设计要求，染成多种颜色。现在，几乎可以染成光谱中的任何一种颜色，如果某一个合适的款式不能得到，将改变现有的颜料来获得，直到颜色满意为止。该范围内有着另一个优点，即印染的服饰不易褪色，比如洗衣服的时

5、候颜色不易被洗掉。4.住房。娱乐及交通运输 就住房而言，现代高分子材料的贡献是使住房更加坚固，这些材料正在取代传统的木质材料，因为它们轻并且不需维护（例如，它们抵御风干和不用油漆），其它的聚合物，例如甲醛或聚氨脂，是重要的绝热材料从而能节约能量。塑料，聚合物使得闲暇时间的活动可以全天候进行各种活动，从足球场到乒乓球场再到球拍高尔夫球杆都是何尝纤维做成的。同样，近几年化学工业对运输的贡献在于使得运输能有很大的提高。因此，新发明的添加剂像抗氧化剂和油粘剂使发动机的改变，使得速度大幅度的提高，从300到6000再到12000英里/小时。调查研究表明，提速的原因在于润滑油和油脂，从而使它们有更好的流动

6、性。在汽车运输业高分子材料的贡献也很突出，聚脂和塑料的广泛应用于制造跑道、车轮、座椅垫子还有它们的覆盖等等。现在超过了40所以，虽然现在很明显的也很简短的回顾化工对我们生活和世界的贡献，有了这些化工产品我们的世界会很大的不同于没有他们。如今已过国家队发展水平往往根据生产水平和化工水平来判断。3。化学工业的研究和发展在世界的发展中，化学工业快速发展的一个主要过程是世界的发展的关注和研究金额的投资(R&D)。典型的数据是销售收入的百分之五，是医药研究和投资领域的两倍。我们要意识到这里引用的百分比是销售收入而不是利润是很重要的。例如，总收入用来支出原料，租金，职员等。在过去，这笔投资很好，使得许多有

7、用有价值的东西流入市场，比如研究出聚脂产品，包括尼龙、聚脂、医学用药及杀虫剂。尽管新产品进入市场的数量在近几年几十年减少以及由于经济衰退研究投资在减少，那些关注度还是很高水平的。化学工业是一个非常高技术的工业，它涵盖了最新的电子技术和工程技术。计算机广泛使用于各种研究，从化工厂中的设备自动化控制到分子模型的新型混合物，再到实验室分析仪器的控制。个别生产设备的生产力并不高，从化工制药的一年数吨到肥料及石油化工厂的每年达到50 0000吨。这些最新的投资，即使是一个单一的设备如今也需要250 000 000。另外，这些自动化设备被广泛使用，可以解释为什么化工生产是资本密集型不是劳动密集型。那些主要

8、的化工公司大都是跨国公司，它们在全球的大多数国家有着销售市场且许多国家都设立了加工工厂。有着经济全球化、国际化的发展，化学工业也在不断增长，公司扩大他们的活动包括扩大已有生产单元在自己的国家和收购已经在其他国家发展好的公司。原文：Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical IndustryAt the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very l

9、imited range of products was manufactured and these were clearly chemicals, e.g., alkali, sulfuric acid. At present, however, ,any thousands of chemicals are produced, from raw materials like crude oil through (in some cases) many intermediates to products which may be used directly as consumer good

10、s, or readily converted into them. The difficulty comes in deciding at which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industrys phere of activities. To consider a specific example to illustrate this dilemma, mulsion paints may contain poly (vuby1 chloride)/po

11、ly (viny1 acetate). Clearly, synthesis of viny1 chloride (or acetate) and its polymerization ate chemical activities. However, if formulation and mixing of the paint, including the polymer, is carried out by a branch of the multinational chemical companies which manufactured the ingredients, is this

12、 still part of the chemical industry or does it now belong in the decorating industry?It is therefore apparent that, because office diversity of operations and close links on many areas with other industries, there is no simple definition of the chemical industry. Instead each official body which co

13、llects and publishes statistics on manufacturing industry will have its definition as to which operations are classified as “the chemical industry. It is important to bear these in mind when comparing statistical information which is derived from several sources.2. The Need for Chemical Industry The

14、 chemical industry is concerned with converting raw materials, such as crude oil, firstly into chemical intermediates, and then into a tremendous variety of other chemicals. These are then used to produce consumer products, which make our lives more comfortable or even life itself. At each stage of

15、these operations value is added to the product and provided this added value exceeds the raw material plus processing costs then a profit will be made on the operation. It is the aim of chemical industry to achieve this.It may seem strange in textbook like this one to pose the question do we need a

16、chemical industry?” However, trying to answer this question will provide (i) an indication of the range of the chemical industrys activates. (ii) Its influence on our lives in everyday terms, and (iii) how great is societys need for a chemical industry. Our approach in answering the question will be

17、 to consider the industrys contribution to meeting and satisfying our major needs. What are these? Clearly food (and drink) and health are paramount. Other which we shall consider in their turn are clothing and (briefly) shelter, leisure and transport.(1) Food. The chemical industry makes a major co

18、ntribution to food production in at least three ways. Firstly, by making available large quantities of artificial fertilizers which are used to replace the elements (mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) which are removed as nutrients by protection chemicals, i.e. pesticides, which markedly red

19、uce the proportion of the crops consumed by pests. Thirdly, by producing veterinary products which protect livestock from disease or cure their infections.(2) Heath. We are all aware of the major contribution which the pharmaceutical sector of the industry has made to help keep us all healthy, e.g.

20、by curing bacterial infections with antibiotics, and even extending life itself, e.g. blockers to lower blood pressure. (3) Clothing. The improvement in properties of modern synthetic fibers over the traditional clothing materials (e.g. cotton and wool) has been quite remarkable. Thus shirts, dresse

21、s and suits made from polyesters liker Terylene and polyamides like Nylon are crease-resistant, machine-washable, and drip-dry or non-iron. They are also cheaper than natural materials.Parallel developments in the discovery of modern synthetic dyes and the technology to “bond” them to the fiber have

22、 resulted in a tremendous increase in the variety of colors available to the fashion designer. Indeed they now span almost every color and hue of the visible spectrum. Indeed if a suitable shade is not available, structural modification of an existing dye to achieve this can readily be carried out,

23、provided there is a satisfactory market for the product.Other major advances in this sphere have been in color-fastness, i. e., resistance to the dye being washed out when the garment is cleaned.(4) Shelter, leisure and transport. In terms of shelter the contribution of modern synthetic polymers has

24、 been substantial. Plastics are tending to replace traditional building materials like wood because they are lighter, maintenance-free (i.e. they are resistant to weathering and do not need painting). Other polymers, e.g. urea-formaldehyde and polyurethanes, are important insulating materials for re

25、ducing heat losses and hence reducing energy usage.Plastics and polymers have made a considerable impact on leisure activities with applications ranging from all-weather artificial surfaces for athletic tracks, football pitches and tennis courts to nylon strings for racquets and items like golf ball

26、s and footballs made entirely from synthetic materials. Likewise the chemical industrys contribution to transport over the years has led to major improvements, Thus development of improved additives like anti-oxidants and viscosity index improves for engine oil has enabled routine servicing interval

27、s to increase from 300 to 6000 to 12000 miles. Research and development work has also resulted in improved lubricating oils and greases, and better brake fluids. Yet again the contribution of automobile polymers and plastics has been very striking with the proportion of the total automobile derived

28、from these materials-dashboard, steering wheel, seat padding and covering etc.-now exceeding 40%.So it is quite apparent even from a brief look at the chemical industrys contribution to meeting our major needs that life in the world would be very different without the products of the industry. Indee

29、d the level of a countrys development may be judged by the production level and sophistication of its chemical industry. 3. Research and Development (R&D) in Chemical Industries In of the main reasons for the rapid growth of the chemical industry in the developed world has been its great commitment

30、to, and investment in research and development (R&D). A typical figure is 5% of sales income, with this figure being almost doubled for the most research intensive sector, pharmaceuticals. It is important to emphasize that we are quoting percentages here not of profits but of sales income, i e., as

31、well. In the past this tremendous investment has paid off well, leading to many useful and valuable products being introduced to the market. Examples include synthetic polymers like nylons and polyesters, and drugs and pesticides. Although the number of new products introduced to the market has decl

32、ined significantly in recent years and in times of recession the research department is usually one of the first to suffer cutbacks, the commitment to R&D remains at very high level.The chemical industry is very high technology industry which takes full advantage of the latest advances in electronics and engineering. Computers ate very widely used for all sorts of applications, from automatic control of chemical plants, to molecular modeling of structures of new compounds, to the control of analytical instruments in the laboratory.Individual manufacturing plants have capacities