通过阅读学词汇6级Unit 143.docx

1、通过阅读学词汇6级Unit 1432007通过阅读学词汇6级主编：李寄副主编：居方编者：陆小兵 张子源 周莹 徐娟通过阅读学词汇最佳词汇记忆方略学习英语词汇的方法不尽相同。较为常见的方法是买上一本英语词汇手册从头至尾狂背一气。这种方法简便易行，为许多同学采纳。但实践和研究都无可辩驳地表明，这种看似事半功倍的词汇记忆方法死板机械，收效甚微。另外，按字母顺序记忆的单调乏味会挫伤英语学习的兴趣，长此以往甚至会造成对英语学习的心理障碍。另一种方法就是通过阅读学习词汇。在轻松阅读的同时，在上下文语境中，“死词”变成了“活词”。错落有致的词汇编排不再枯燥乏味，数以千计的单词也不再令人生畏。通过阅读学习词汇

2、是最佳的词汇学习方略，这是语言教学专家和心理专家的一致忠告。这本通过阅读学词汇就是先进的词汇记忆方略的具体体现。在编写中，我们注重了以下几点：美文欣赏，背句学词。一个单词脱离了实际使用的上下文语境，记牢会用是难以想象的。我们精心挑选了70篇优美短文，并配上了短文的汉语语境。将词汇（其中左上角加者为四级单词，加者为六级后单词）置于英汉双语语境中，读者在欣赏优美短文、背诵地道语句（在英语语境中用下划波浪线标出）的同时，可以牢牢地记住这些单词并学会如何运用。英汉语境并置是本书最大的特点，也是国内外同类图书中前所未有的。分块（chunking）或定量记忆。我们把2500多个词汇分成70课，使看似浩瀚的

3、词海在心理上变少变易，使读者一步一个脚印到达最终目标。注重重现率，强化记忆。据语言专家研究，一个单词重现510次学习者方能记牢。编者精心设计，将相当一部分单词置于不同英语语境中，并在汉语语境中作“单词回放”，增加重现率，以助学习者达到快速记忆和活用的效果，并将短期记忆转化为长期记忆。重点突破词汇，兼及阅读、翻译。本书所选单词多为六级核心常考词汇。并在词条后给出相应联想词、词组等供扩展记忆。我们还将所选短文译成汉语，并就其中要点、难点作注。所以本书亦是理想的六级阅读、翻译的辅导教材。与时俱进是千古不易的真理。始自2005年，四、六级考试的题型作了较大调整，考试更加侧重词汇、阅读和翻译。我们抓住这

4、一契机，对本书作了全新的修订，使之更贴近英语学习和测试。本书的全新修订版增加了如下版块：核心词汇预览。我们在每单元的10篇美文中精心挑选了近百个关键词，供读者在阅读美文、记忆单词前进行预览。如此安排不仅增加了核心词汇的重视率，而且有效地降低了读者阅读美文的难度，为读者使用本书降低了台阶。新题型练习。四、六级考试新题型设计的突出特点是通过短文考查学生的词汇、阅读、翻译水平。由此为出发点，我们设计了选词填空、完型填空和中译英三类题型的练习，希望读者在通过阅读学词汇的同时，辅之以通过练习学词汇。早在2000年，我们推出“通过阅读学词汇”这一词汇学习理念时，是忐忑不安、诚惶诚恐的，但读者和业界的反映出

5、乎我们的意料。对此我们甚感欣慰，因为广大读者因之受益是我们最大的追求。李寄于南京大学核心词汇预览1 Unit 1Unit 1核心词汇预览（Lesson 1 Lesson 10）breakthrough突破diversion转移stimulus 刺激 courtesy 有礼貌的举止（或言词）literacy 识字 irritate 使恼怒originate 起源于 brisk 轻快的incentive 鼓励 weary 疲劳的ambiguous 含糊不清的 deteriorate 恶化manipulate 操纵 blush 脸红perpetual 永久的 hypocrisy 伪善persiste

6、nt 坚持不懈的 spectacle 壮观legislation 立法 exceptional 杰出的 accountable 负有责任的 impulse 冲动revenge 报复 blossom 开花momentum 动力 adverse 有害的intense 强烈的 enlighten 启发(a)esthetic 审美的 savage 野蛮的gleam 闪亮 inherit 继承serenity 平静 compulsory 强制性的denial 否认 juvenile 少年的vulgar 庸俗的 delinquency 失职 illuminate 启发 corpse 部队consensus

7、 一致同意 mobility 流动性graphic 生动的 drawback 缺点misery 苦难 intersection 交叉口 metropolitan 大都会的 bewilder 使迷惑sacred 神圣的 menace 威胁eloquent 口才流利的 simultaneous 同时发生的temper 脾气 pearl 珍珠 deprive 剥夺 enroll 入学captive 被俘虏的 formulate 构想出（计划）intricate 错综复杂的 imperative 紧急的monotonous 单调无聊的 cripple 跛子sensation 知觉 perfection

8、 完美solitary 孤独的 induce 引诱divine 天赐的 radiant 光芒四射的indignation 愤怒 flare （火焰）闪耀 suspension 中止 authority 权威patriotism 爱国主义 strive 努力compensate 补偿 epidemic 流行性的 Lesson 1 Elementary Schools in Early AmericaWhat accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America breakthroughs such as the

9、telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the countrys excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal,“spatial” think

10、ing about things technological.Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.Acute foreign observers

11、 related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”A further stimulus to invention came fr

12、om the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial

13、fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking require

14、d in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process. The designer and the inventor are able to assemble and manipulate in their m

15、inds devices that as yet do not exist.”This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibiti

16、on of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”When all these shaping forces schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word

17、implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.名人名言What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul. Joseph AddisonA college diploma does not mean you are educated. Quite the contrary, it means that you have been open

18、ed up to a perpetual state of ignorance and thus a lifelong hunger for more more ideas, more knowledge, more good thoughts, more challenges, more of everything. James Lehrer 早期的美国小学是什么导致了美国早期重要发明的涌现诸如电报、蒸汽船和织布机这样的突破(breakthrough)?在诸多形成因素中，我要特别指出如下因素：美国优秀的小学；欢迎新技术的劳动力；给发明者以奖励的制度；尤其是美国人对技术性事物的非语言的、“空间

19、式”思维的天才。为什么要提到小学呢?因为全靠这些学校，我们早期的机械工人才会能读会写(literate)，并精通算术以及一部分几何和三角学；在新英格兰和沿大西洋中部诸州尤其是这样。敏锐的外国观察家认为美国人的适应性和创造性得益于这种教育的优势。正如一位1853年访问过这里的英国委员会成员所记载的，“通过彻底的学校纪律的训练，美国孩子很快成长为熟练的工人。”对发明的进一步激励（stimulus）来自于“奖励”制度，这种制度在专利(patent)制度之前产生，并与其共存了数年。这种起源于（originated）国外的方法，为发明者提供奖章、现金和其它奖励。在美国，为新设备提供的众多(multitu

20、des)奖项在主要城市的国家展览会和行业展览会上颁发。美国人蜂拥到这些展览会上欣赏新机器，这使他们更加坚信技术进步的好处。在技术创造受到的这种鼓励下，美国工人很容易就掌握了机械技术中所要求的那种独特的非语言式的思维方式。正如尤金弗格森所指出的那样，“一位技术家所考虑的东西是难以用语言加以确切的描述的；他脑中用来处理它们的是一个视觉的而非语言的（nonverbal)过程。设计者和发明者能够在他们的脑子里把尚未存在的设备安装和操作(manipulate)起来。”这种非语言的“空间”思维可以具有像绘画和写作一样的创造性。罗勃特富尔顿曾经说过，“技工应该在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、车轮等之间坐下，像一个诗人处

21、在字母表的字母中一样，把它们视作他的思想的展示，一种新的排列就会传递一种新的思想。”当所有这些形成因素学校，开放式态度，奖励制度，空间思维的天赋在富有的美国大陆上相互作用时，它们产生了美国特征：竞争。如今这个单词意味着纯粹的模仿（imitation）。但是在早些时候，它意味着为出人头地而进行的友好而激烈的竞争。名人名言教育之于人的心灵，犹如雕刻之于大理石。 约瑟夫艾迪生大学文凭并不意味着你受教育了。正相反，这意味着你已走进永久的（perpetual）无知，所以要用一生去追求更多更多的想法，更多的知识，更多的好思想，更多的挑战，任何事物都知道更多。 詹姆士莱勒Lesson 2 Fight Aga

22、inst Youth SmokingThree years ago, appalled by how many children were becoming addicted to cigarettes every year, the Vice President and I committed this administration to stopping the sale and marketing of cigarettes to children. Today, thanks to these efforts and the persistence of state attorneys

23、 general, the public health community, and leaders in Congress, we have the best opportunity ever to pass comprehensive anti-smoking legislation that will save millions of our children from a premature, painful, and very preventable death.This week, in a historic and resounding 19 to 1 vote, a key S

24、enate committee gave its stamp of approval to comprehensive legislation sponsored by Senator John McCain, a Republican, and Senator Fritz Hollings, a Democrat, that would cut youth smoking by half over the next decade. This bill represents a dramatic step forward. It would raise the price of cigaret

25、tes, give the FDA full authority to regulate tobacco products, ban advertising aimed at children, and protect tobacco farmers.We still have work to do on this legislation. Above all, we need to put in place tough penalties that will cost the tobacco industry if it continues to sell cigarettes to you

26、ng people. Just this week the Centers for Disease Control released a disturbing report that more than a third of teenagers in the United States now smoke, even though its illegal.It is time to hold tobacco companies accountable. Reducing youth smoking must be everybodys bottom line. Lets remember th

27、is is not about politics or money, or seeking revenge against the tobacco industry for past practices. Were not trying to put the tobacco companies out of business; we want to put them out of the business of selling cigarettes to kids. This weeks progress in the Senate shows we have real momentum in

28、 both parties to do just that.Therere still many issues to be worked out and many long nights ahead. But we have within our grasp one of the most important public health victories our nation has ever achieved.Finally, let me just pause a moment to observe the 30th anniversary of the death of one of

29、Americas greatest heroes, Dr. Martin Luther King. His dream, deeply rooted in the American Dream, is a dream for all Americans. Let us here at home always strive to heed Dr. Kings words and live up to his legacy.Bill Clinton名人名言Today, I want to talk to you about the historic opportunity we now have

30、to protect our nations children from an even more deadly threat: smoking. Smoking kills more people every day than AIDS, alcohol, car accidents, murders, suicides, drugs and fires combined. Nearly 90 percent of those smokers lit their first cigarette before they turned 18.Today, the epidemic of teen

31、 smoking is raging throughout our nation as, one by one, our children are lured by multimillion dollar marketing schemes designed to do exactly that. Consider this: 3,000 children start to smoke every day illegally, and 1,000 of them will die sooner because of it.Bill Clinton 反对青少年吸烟三年以前，我和副总统为每年有如此

32、众多的儿童染上烟瘾而震惊（appalled），我们决定让这届政府致力于禁止向儿童出售和营销香烟。今天，凭借我们的决心以及各州总检察长、公共医疗机构和国会领导人的不懈努力（persistence），我们已迎来了有史以来通过一项全面的反吸烟法案的最好时机。这一法案(legislation)可使数百万儿童避免痛苦地夭折，这样的死亡本来是完全可以避免的。这个星期，参议院一个重要的委员会以历史性的响亮的19票对1票通过了一项由共和党参议员约翰麦肯和民主党参议员弗立特霍林斯提出的全面议案。该议案的通过将可能在未来十年内使年轻人吸烟人数减少一半。该议案代表着一个巨大的进步，它将提高香烟价格，授予食品与药物局全权管理烟草产品，禁止面向青少年做烟草广告，并且保护种植烟草的农场主。关于这个议案，我们仍有工作要做。首先，我们必须制订严厉的惩罚措施，如果烟草行业继续向年轻人出售香烟就要让他们付出代价。在这个星期，疾病控制中心发布的令人不安的报告说，三分之一以上的美国青少年已是吸烟者，尽