最新考研英语长难句课程讲义.docx

1、最新考研英语长难句课程讲义“碧芝”最吸引人的是那些小巧的珠子、亮片等，都是平日里不常见的。店长梁小姐介绍，店内的饰珠有威尼斯印第安的玻璃珠、秘鲁的陶珠、奥利的施华洛世奇水晶、法国的仿金片、日本的梦幻珠等，五彩缤纷，流光异彩。按照饰珠的质地可分为玻璃、骨质、角质、陶制、水晶、仿金、木制等种类，其造型更是千姿百态：珠型、圆柱型、动物造型、多边形、图腾形象等，美不胜收。全部都是进口的，从几毛钱一个到几十元一个的珠子，做一个成品饰物大约需要几十元，当然，还要决定于你的心意。“碧芝”提倡自己制作：端个特制的盘子到柜台前，按自己的构思选取喜爱的饰珠和配件，再把它们串成成品。这里的饰珠和配件的价格随质地而各

2、有同，所用的线绳价格从几元到一二十元不等，如果让店员帮忙串制，还要收取的手工费。创业首先要有“风险意识”，要能承受住风险和失败。还要有责任感，要对公司、员工、投资者负责。务实精神也必不可少，必须踏实做事；2003年，上海市总人口达到1464万人，上海是全国第一个出现人口负增长的地区。调研结论：综上分析，我们认为在学院内开发“DIY手工艺品”商店这一创业项目是完全可行的。调研提纲：（3）优惠多“碧芝自制饰品店”拥有丰富的不可替代的异国风采和吸引人的魅力，理由是如此的简单：世界是每一个国家和民族都有自己的饰品文化，将其汇集进行再组合可以无穷繁衍。图1-4大学生购买手工艺制品目的3、你是否购买过DI

3、Y手工艺制品？小饰品店往往会给人零乱的感觉，采用开架陈列就会免掉这个麻烦。“漂亮女生”像是个小超市，同一款商品色彩丰富地挂了几十个任你挑，拿上东西再到收银台付款。这也符合女孩子精挑细选的天性，更保持了店堂长盛不衰的人气。考研英语长难句课程讲义课程简介：1 内容：考研真题长难句2 原因：长难句贯穿完形，阅读，翻译，对写作也有借鉴作用3 目标：看得懂长难句（阅读）会翻译长难句（翻译）会写长难句（写作）4 课时安排：8月份5次课 I理论区分主从句II翻译技巧与定语从句专题III名词性从句专题IV. 长难句中的并列专题V. 特殊的长难句（倒装句省略句等）和综合练习学习方法：1. 长“难”句难在哪儿？生

4、词复杂结构（主从修饰关系）2. 如何看懂长难句？两步走：第一步（宏观）：分清主句从句 第二步（微观）：定位主句和从句内部的修饰成分（定状语为主）3. 简单复习语法：谓语与动词的区别：谓语是句子成分，动词是词性，谓语一定是动词。 定语与状语的区别：定语修饰主语和宾语（名代），状语修饰动词，形容词和句子什么是简单句？ 一切复杂句（并列句复合句复杂复合句）都是由五种简单句而来：i. 主语谓语 My skin burns.ii. 主语谓语（系动词）表语 I am a teacher.You look good.iii. 主语谓语直接宾语 I love you.iv. 主语谓语间接宾语+直接宾语 The

5、 firm gave Sam a watch.v. 主语谓语直接宾语宾语补足语 You make me happy.什么是并列句？一般由并列连词and, but, so, yet连接，或者由“；”连接。各个并列句同等重要且独立存在。举例： I know you, and/but/so/yet I hate you.什么是主从复合句？形容词性从句（定语从句）：从句作定语，修饰名词，代词或整个句子。先行词和关系代词（引导词）。定语从句常见引导词有which, that, who, whose, whom, when, where, as, whereby例子：A doctor examined t

6、he astronauts who returned from space today.名词性从句：主要包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。名称由来根据该从句所做成分而定，从句做主语就叫主语从句，依此类推。名词性从句常见引导词：which, what, who, whom, that, when, where, how I表语从句： I am what I am. II. 主语从句： Whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we have been brought up. III. 宾语从句：Anthr

7、opologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. IV. 同位语从句：People who work in offices are frequently referred to as “white-collar workers” for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work. 点播：发现定语从句和名词性从句

8、的区别了么？名词性从句在主句中做成分(是主句的一部分)，而定语从句修饰主句(与主句可以切割开)。名词性从句中的that在从句中不做成分，只是起连接作用。但定语从句的that在从句中一定做成分。副词性从句（状语从句）：时间地点原因目的条件让步比较方式状语从句。状语从句常见引导词：when, while, as, before, after, since, until, where, because, for, so that, in order to, so as to, if, unless, although, though, even if, than, the way等例子： Four

9、days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted.读懂长难句“两步走”第一步：宏观分清主句从句关键：区分主从句关键在于找到谓语（动词），并区分主从句谓语（动词）技巧：1. 需要学会区分谓语动词与动词的非谓语形式 （i.e.不定式，动名词，尤其是过去分词） 2. 区分主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词：顺着该谓语动词往前找，先遇到引导词说明该谓语为从句谓语，先遇到其他谓语（或无谓语也无引

10、导词），则该动词就是主句动词。尤其注意引导词that省略的情况。 3. 将从句圈起来，宏观上确定主句各种成分（五种基本句型之一：主谓宾表补语）第二步：微观定位句内修饰成分关键：明确主句和从句各自内部的修饰关系（定语状语同位语插入语）定语：修饰主语宾语（名词代词），紧跟被修饰的中心词1. 前置定语：形容词名词 e.g. a great/science book 翻译技巧：一般情况下，前置定语都很短，可以与所修饰的主语宾语看做一体，翻译的时候也一般不涉及语序的调整。2. 后置定语：紧跟所修饰的名词后出现，可以充当后置定语的词和结构包括：1）形容词短语 a book useful for the f

11、uture2）现在分词短语（-ing）a leaf floating on the river3） 过去分词短语（-ed）a picture painted by Picasso；a president privileged to receive the Nobel Peace Prize4）to do短语（不定式）a way to deal with chronic hunger in Africa5）介词短语：a plague beyond control/a scar on my heart 技巧：一定要加深对后置定语的理解，因为汉语中不喜欢把定语后置，所以在翻译的时候，一般的处理方法就

12、是：后置定语较短，调结构甩到中心词前面；若定语太长，就将定语变成一个句子，适当地补充重复主语。其实，所有的后置定语都可以改成一个定语从句，所以后置定语的翻译处理方法同定语从句。状语：位置不固定，一般在修饰动词和形容词，有时候修饰整个句子。可以充当状语的词和结构：1） 副词：看以下两个副词所修饰的对象是什么，翻译时又有什么区别。I. She sings beautifully.II. Chinas long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily focuses on economic growth.技巧：在翻译单个副词

13、状语的时候，也常常会发现直接将副词翻译成汉语的“地”加在动词前会很奇怪。这时需要将其以小句的形式补充出来。Thanks to Chinas reform and opening-up policy, millions upon millions of Chinese people have been pulled out of poverty in an unprecedentedly short time of 30 years.思考下unprecedented这个词怎么翻译比较合适？2） 介词短语真题例句：In public, bankers have been blaming thems

14、elves for their troubles.3） 过去分词短语：Founded in 1694, the Bank of England has centuries of experience in dealing with financial trouble. 4） 现在分词短语：真题例句：Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.5） to do短语（不定式）：真题例句：To be sure, h

15、e performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music.6） 独立主格：独立主格本身非句子，因为无谓语，形式上是为现在过去分词短语增加名词“主语”，在这个结构中，没有真正的主语和谓语动词，但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。真题例句：Not long ago, with the country enteri

16、ng a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the US workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor US economic performance. (with引导的独立主格，with可省略)插入语：可跳读。难点就是亮点，建议作文中使用，会使句子错落有致。例子：Parents, in a word, should never lose sight of the side-effects of computer game

17、s on their children.点播：一定要有意识地在作文中使用单个副词（介词）短语组状语插入语。China has been the fastest growing economy in the world for over a decade.Doubtlessly/Undoubtedly/Beyond question/Beyond doubt, China注意积累可以做插入语的副词（介词）短语同位语：解释说明性名词结构，用于修饰名词。往往会提供更多关于主语宾语的信息，在考研一新题型中尤为关键。例子：The American Law Institute, a group of ju

18、dges, lawyers and academies whose recommendations carry substantial weight, issued new guidelines for patent law.点播：学会在作文中使用同位语，会使表达更多样化，行文更错落有致，也会增加使用高难词汇的机会。例子：China, the biggest emerging economy in the world/the most populous country across the globe，is attaching more and more importance to shift

19、ing its growth model to make its growth sustainable.翻译技巧与解题步骤A. 英汉语言差异英语形合，名词多，长句多（树枝型）；汉语意合，动词多，小句多（竹节型）点播：英译汉中，时常设计将英文中的非动词（假名词介词形容词居多）翻译成汉语的动词。B. 解题步骤 通读句子 断句：剥洋葱式拆分：切分主/从句，切主干/修饰成分（用到上面学的技巧） （尤其注意连词，介词是切分标志） 信息整合（添，减），调整语序 （如，定语提前等）学会“顺句驱动”（省时） 下笔：想好了再下笔，力求工整定语从句两种翻译方法：1. 将定语从句甩到先行词前做前置定语 2. 将定语

20、从句翻译成小句，补充在主句后，适当重复或者补充主语。定语从句专题：warm-up exercise:试试用定语从句的两种译法翻译以下的句子：The prosperity that had never appeared before took on in the countryside. 点播：将定语从句翻成小句时，时常要用“这”：“其”“该”“即”指代先行词，或重复主语，或添加主语真题演练1. Changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for the youth and rising unemployment in

21、general made gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. （that）主句是什么？increasingly你会用了么？“获得”你会几种说法？2. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. （省略）看出来哪里省掉了关联

22、词that了么，that指代的先行词是什么? 3Many consumers seem to have been influence by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. (which)Which 指代什么？a necessary/indispensable ingredient to sth. 的表达你学会了么？4. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocat

23、es, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. (whose)从句存在一处并列，你找到了么？5. Straitford(firm name)s briefs dont sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance (that) they might be w

24、rong.Whereby这个关联词你认识么？(whereby)6. A grandmotherly women staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged reader not to use any thing that comes from or is tested in animalsno meat, no fur , no medicine. (that)这句话里有几层定语从句，引导词分别知道什么，你分得清么？7. Other mod

25、els exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it frees available to everyone who wishes to see it. (where)这句话的插入语管到哪里？before在这里是什么词，做什么成分？一共几个定语从句？8. The rise of anti-happy art alm

26、ost exactly tracks the emergency of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.it 指代什么（看emergence）9. The Internetand pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded resear

27、ch by restricting access to itis making access to scientific results a reality.主句的主语是什么？你找对了么？by的动作发出者在哪儿？10. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.As yet什么意思？本句话中有一个形容词后置定语，你

28、找得到么？whose 前的those改称these可以么？11. The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception and place of praise and critique.看懂了，可是能翻译好么？media在这里怎么翻译好？mode of production呢？哪些词得变化成动词翻？12. Toyota Motor, for exampl

29、e, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well orchestrated social media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.这句话没看懂更多是因为词汇还是语法结构？13. The brain fi

30、nds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals such as the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of life.有没有发现这句话唯一的难点在单词？从句就那几种变化形式，但单词却成千上万啊。14. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study human and their endeavors, in th

31、e same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomenon. 第一个that是引导词么？怎么断句翻译起来简单一些(顺句驱动)？15. I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic way a

32、bout moral problems.动词+A+as+B的用法你还熟悉么？找到AB了么？16. In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful, which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.翻译时试试将第二个定语从句前置后置两种译法17. Of all the changes that have taken pl