Satellite Communications.pdf

1、Satellite Communications Satellite Communications Timothy Pratt Emeritus Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Virginia Tech,Virginia,USA Jeremy Allnutt Emeritus Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering,George Mason University Virginia,USA Third Edition WILEY This edition first pu

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10、nsequential,or other damages.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:Names:Pratt,Timothy,author.I Allnutt,J.(Jeremy),author.Title:Satellite communications I Timothy Pratt,Jeremy Allnutt.Description:3rd edition.I Hoboken,NJ:Wiley,2020.I Includes bibliographical references and index.I Ident

11、ifiers:LCCN 2019015618(print)I LCCN 2019018672(ebook)I ISBN 9781119482147(Adobe PDF)I ISBN 9781119482055(ePub)I ISBN 9781119482178(hardback)Subjects:LCSH:Artificial satellites in telecommunication.I Artificial satellites in telecommunication-Problems,exercises,etc.I Telecommunication-Problems,exerci

12、ses,etc.Classification:LCC TK5104(ebook)I LCC TK5104.P725 2020(print)I DOC 621.382/5-dc23 LC record available at https:/lccn.loc.gov/2019015618 Cover Design:Wiley Cover Image:2018 Intelsat,S.A.and its affiliates.All rights reserved.Set in 10/12pt WarnockPro by Aptara Inc.,New Delhi,India 10 9 8 7 6

13、5 4 3 2 1 This book is dedicated to our wives,Maggie and Norma,in gratitude for their love and support for over SO years.Contents Preface xi About the Authors xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 A Brief History of Satellite Communications 5 1.3 Satellite Communications in 2018 9 1.4 Overview of

14、 Satellite Communications 11 1.5 Summary 14 1.6 Organization of This Book 15 References 16 2 Orbital Mechanics and Launchers 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Achieving a Stable Orbit 17 2.3 Keplers Three Laws of Planetary Motion 23 2.4 Describing the Orbit of a Satellite 25 2.5 Locating the Satellite in t

15、he Orbit 27 2.6 Locating the Satellite With Respect to the Earth 29 2.7 Orbital Elements 31 2.8 Look Angle Determination 33 2.9 Orbital Perturbations 42 2.10 Orbit Determination 46 2.11 Space Launch Vehicles and Rockets 47 2.12 Placing Satellites Into Geostationary Orbit 56 2.13 Orbital Effects in C

16、ommunications Systems Performance 59 2.14 Manned Space Vehicles 62 2.15 Summary 64 Exercises 65 References 68 3 Satellites 71 3.1 Satellite Subsystems 72 3.2 Attitude and Orbit Control System(AOCS)75 3.3 Telemetry,Tracking,Command,and Monitoring(TTC&M)84 3.4 Power Systems 88 viii I Contents 3.5 Comm

17、unications Subsystems 90 3.6 Satellite Antennas 100 3.7 Equipment Reliability and Space Qualification 107 3.8 Summary 113 Exercises 114 References 116 4 Satellite Link Design 119 4.1 Introduction 119 4.2 Transmission Theory 125 4.3 System Noise Temperature and G/T Ratio 130 4.4 Design of Downlinks 1

18、42 4.5 Ku-Band GEO Satellite Systems 149 4.6 Uplink Design 158 4.7 Design for Specified CNR:Combining CNR and C/I Values in Satellite Links 163 4.8 System Design for Specific Performance 167 4.9 Summary 188 Exercises 18 9 References 193 5 Digital Transmission and Error Control 195 5.1 Digital Transm

19、ission 197 5.2 Implementing Zero ISI Transmission in the Time Domain 215 5.3 Probability of Error in Digital Transmission 221 5.4 Digital Transmission of Analog Signals 231 5.5 Time Division Multiplexing 241 5.6 Packets,Frames,and Protocols 243 5.7 Error Control 246 5.8 Summary 264 Exercises 266 Ref

20、erences 269 6 Modulation and Multiple Access 271 6.1 Introduction 271 6.2 Digital Modulation 273 6.3 Multiple Access 287 6.4 Frequency Division Multiple Access(FDMA)291 6.5 Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA)308 6.6 Synchronization in TDMA Networks 317 6.7 Transmitter Power in TDMA Networks 319 6.8

21、Star and Mesh Networks 323 6.9 Onboard Processing 324 6.10 Demand Assignment Multiple Access(DAMA)329 6.11 Random Access(RA)333 6.12 Packet Radio Systems and Protocols 334 6.13 Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA)337 6.14 Summary 348 Exercises 349 References 352 7 Propagation Effects and Their Impact

22、 on Satellite-Earth Links 355 7.1 Introduction 355 7.2 Propagation Phenomena 358 7.3 Quantifying Attenuation and Depolarization 359 7.4 Propagation Effects That Are Not Associated With Hydrometeors 367 7.5 Rain and Ice Effects 3 72 7.6 Prediction of Rain Attenuation 380 7.7 Prediction of XPD 390 7.8

23、 Propagation Impairment Countermeasures 399 7.9 Summary 404 Exercises 405 References 408 8 Low Throughput Systems and Small Satellites 411 8.1 Introduction 411 8.2 Small Satellites 413 8.3 Operational Use of SmallSats 436 8.4 Low Throughput Mobile Communications Satellite Systems 440 8.5 VSAT System

24、s 444 8.6 Signal Formats 461 8.7 System Aspects 469 8.8 Time Over Coverage 4 70 8.9 Orbital Debris 471 8.10 Summary 472 Exercises 473 References 475 9 NGSO Satellite Systems 481 9.1 Introduction 481 9.2 Orbit Considerations 485 9.3 Coverage and Frequency Considerations 501 9.4 System Considerations

25、523 9.5 Operational and Proposed NGSO Constellation Designs 526 9.6 System Design Example 534 9.7 Summary 535 Exercises 537 References 539 10 Direct Broadcast Satellite Television and Radio 543 10.1 C-Band and Ku-Band Home Satellite TV 545 10.2 Digital DBS-TV 545 10.3 DVB-Sand DVB-S2 Standards 556 1

26、0.4 DBS-TV System Design 569 10.5 DBS-TV Link Budget for DVB-S and DVB-S2 Receivers 572 10.6 Second Generation DBS-TV Satellite Systems Using DVB-S2 Signal Format 575 Contents I ix xl Contents 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 Master Control Station and Uplink 576 Installation of DBS-TV Antennas 577 Satellite Ra

27、dio Broadcasting 578 Summary 583 Exercises 584 References 586 11 Satellite Internet 589 11.1 History of Satellite Internet Access 589 11.2 Geostationary Satellite Internet Access 592 11.3 NGSO Satellite Systems 604 11.4 Link Budgets for NGSO Systems 613 11.5 Packets and Protocols for NGSO Systems 61

28、8 11.6 Gateways,User Terminals,and Onboard Processing Satellites 622 11.7 Total Capacity of OneWeb and SpaceX Proposed NGSO Constellations 625 11.8 End of Life Disposal of NGSO Satellites 625 11.9 Comparison of Spot Beam Coverage of GSO and LEO Internet Access Satellites 626 11.10 User Terminal Ante

29、nnas for Ku-Band,Ka-Band,and V-Band 627 11.11 Summary 628 Exercises 629 References 629 12 Satellite Navigation and the Global Positioning System 633 12.1 The Global Positioning System 634 12.2 Radio and Satellite Navigation 637 12.3 GPS Position Location Principles 640 12.4 GPS Codes and Frequencies

30、 644 12.5 Satellite Signal Acquisition 648 12.6 GPS Signal Levels 658 12.7 GPS Navigation Message 662 12.8 GPS Cl A Code Standard Positioning System Accuracy 663 12.9 Differential GPS 667 12.10 Denial of Service:Jamming and Spoofing 669 12.11 ADS-Band Air Traffic Control 672 12.12 GPS Modernization

31、673 12.13 Summary 675 Exercises 6 76 References 677 Glossary 681 Appendix A Decibels in Communications Engineering 691 Appendix B Antennas 695 Appendix C Complementary Error Function erfc(x)and Q Function Q(z)715 Appendix D Digital Transmission of Analog Signals 719 Index 731 Preface The first editi

32、on of Satellite Communications was published in 1986,with the second edition following in 2003.There have been many changes in the 33 years since the first edition appeared,with a complete transition from analog to digital communication systems.The launch of satellites,once the province of governmen

33、t agencies,is now a thriving commercial business.By the time this third edition reaches the market,a number of private citizens will have entered the lower reaches of space as tourists.Analog transmission techniques have been replaced by digital modulation and digital signal processing.Spinner satellites have virtually disappeared,replaced by a much wider range of satellites from cubesats with mas