Satellite Communications.pdf

Satellite Communications.pdf

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SatelliteCommunicationsSatelliteCommunicationsTimothyPrattEmeritusProfessorofElectricalandComputerEngineering,VirginiaTech,Virginia,USAJeremyAllnuttEmeritusProfessorofElectricalandComputerEngineering,GeorgeMasonUniversityVirginia,USAThirdEditionWILEYThiseditionfirstpublished20202020JohnWiley&SonsLtdAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthistitleisavailableathttp:

/rightofTimothyPrattandJeremyAllnutttobeidentifiedastheauthor（s）ofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewithlaw.RegisteredOffice（s）JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USAJohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UKEditorialOfficeTheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UKFordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andmoreinformationaboutWileyproductsvisitusat.Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformatsandbyprint-on-demand.Somecontentthatappearsinstandardprintversionsofthisbookmaynotbeavailableinotherformats.LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarrantyWhilethepublisherandauthorshaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthiswork,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisworkandspecificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysalesrepresentatives,writtensalesmaterialsorpromotionalstatementsforthiswork.Thefactthatanorganization,website,orproductisreferredtointhisworkasacitationand/orpotentialsourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthatthepublisherandauthorsendorsetheinformationorservicestheorganization,website,orproductmayprovideorrecommendationsitmaymake.Thisworkissoldwiththeunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaspecialistwhereappropriate.Further,readersshouldbeawarethatwebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedordisappearedbetweenwhenthisworkwaswrittenandwhenitisread.Neitherthepublishernorauthorsshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:

Names:

Pratt,Timothy,author.IAllnutt,J.（Jeremy）,author.Title:

SatellitecommunicationsITimothyPratt,JeremyAllnutt.Description:

3rdedition.IHoboken,NJ:

Wiley,2020.IIncludesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.IIdentifiers:

LCCN2019015618（print）ILCCN2019018672（ebook）IISBN9781119482147（AdobePDF）IISBN9781119482055（ePub）IISBN9781119482178（hardback）Subjects:

LCSH:

Artificialsatellitesintelecommunication.IArtificialsatellitesintelecommunication-Problems,exercises,etc.ITelecommunication-Problems,exercises,etc.Classification:

LCCTK5104（ebook）ILCCTK5104.P7252020（print）IDOC621.382/5-dc23LCrecordavailableathttps:

/lccn.loc.gov/2019015618CoverDesign:

WileyCoverImage:

2018Intelsat,S.A.anditsaffiliates.Allrightsreserved.Setin10/12ptWarnockProbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India10987654321Thisbookisdedicatedtoourwives,MaggieandNorma,ingratitudefortheirloveandsupportforoverSOyears.ContentsPrefacexiAbouttheAuthorsxv1Introduction11.1Background11.2ABriefHistoryofSatelliteCommunications51.3SatelliteCommunicationsin201891.4OverviewofSatelliteCommunications111.5Summary141.6OrganizationofThisBook15References162OrbitalMechanicsandLaunchers172.1Introduction172.2AchievingaStableOrbit172.3KeplersThreeLawsofPlanetaryMotion232.4DescribingtheOrbitofaSatellite252.5LocatingtheSatelliteintheOrbit272.6LocatingtheSatelliteWithRespecttotheEarth292.7OrbitalElements312.8LookAngleDetermination332.9OrbitalPerturbations422.10OrbitDetermination462.11SpaceLaunchVehiclesandRockets472.12PlacingSatellitesIntoGeostationaryOrbit562.13OrbitalEffectsinCommunicationsSystemsPerformance592.14MannedSpaceVehicles622.15Summary64Exercises65References683Satellites713.1SatelliteSubsystems723.2AttitudeandOrbitControlSystem（AOCS）753.3Telemetry,Tracking,Command,andMonitoring（TTC&M）843.4PowerSystems88viiiIContents3.5CommunicationsSubsystems903.6SatelliteAntennas1003.7EquipmentReliabilityandSpaceQualification1073.8Summary113Exercises114References1164SatelliteLinkDesign1194.1Introduction1194.2TransmissionTheory1254.3SystemNoiseTemperatureandG/TRatio1304.4DesignofDownlinks1424.5Ku-BandGEOSatelliteSystems1494.6UplinkDesign1584.7DesignforSpecifiedCNR:

CombiningCNRandC/IValuesinSatelliteLinks1634.8SystemDesignforSpecificPerformance1674.9Summary188Exercises189References1935DigitalTransmissionandErrorControl1955.1DigitalTransmission1975.2ImplementingZeroISITransmissionintheTimeDomain2155.3ProbabilityofErrorinDigitalTransmission2215.4DigitalTransmissionofAnalogSignals2315.5TimeDivisionMultiplexing2415.6Packets,Frames,andProtocols2435.7ErrorControl2465.8Summary264Exercises266References2696ModulationandMultipleAccess2716.1Introduction2716.2DigitalModulation2736.3MultipleAccess2876.4FrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess（FDMA）2916.5TimeDivisionMultipleAccess（TDMA）3086.6SynchronizationinTDMANetworks3176.7TransmitterPowerinTDMANetworks3196.8StarandMeshNetworks3236.9OnboardProcessing3246.10DemandAssignmentMultipleAccess（DAMA）3296.11RandomAccess（RA）3336.12PacketRadioSystemsandProtocols3346.13CodeDivisionMultipleAccess（CDMA）3376.14Summary348Exercises349References3527PropagationEffectsandTheirImpactonSatellite-EarthLinks3557.1Introduction3557.2PropagationPhenomena3587.3QuantifyingAttenuationandDepolarization3597.4PropagationEffectsThatAreNotAssociatedWithHydrometeors3677.5RainandIceEffects3727.6PredictionofRainAttenuation3807.7PredictionofXPD3907.8PropagationImpairmentCountermeasures3997.9Summary404Exercises405References4088LowThroughputSystemsandSmallSatellites4118.1Introduction4118.2SmallSatellites4138.3OperationalUseofSmallSats4368.4LowThroughputMobileCommunicationsSatelliteSystems4408.5VSATSystems4448.6SignalFormats4618.7SystemAspects4698.8TimeOverCoverage4708.9OrbitalDebris4718.10Summary472Exercises473References4759NGSOSatelliteSystems4819.1Introduction4819.2OrbitConsiderations4859.3CoverageandFrequencyConsiderations5019.4SystemConsiderations5239.5OperationalandProposedNGSOConstellationDesigns5269.6SystemDesignExample5349.7Summary535Exercises537References53910DirectBroadcastSatelliteTelevisionandRadio54310.1C-BandandKu-BandHomeSatelliteTV54510.2DigitalDBS-TV54510.3DVB-SandDVB-S2Standards55610.4DBS-TVSystemDesign56910.5DBS-TVLinkBudgetforDVB-SandDVB-S2Receivers57210.6SecondGenerationDBS-TVSatelliteSystemsUsingDVB-S2SignalFormat575ContentsIixxlContents10.710.810.910.10MasterControlStationandUplink576InstallationofDBS-TVAntennas577SatelliteRadioBroadcasting578Summary583Exercises584References58611SatelliteInternet58911.1HistoryofSatelliteInternetAccess58911.2GeostationarySatelliteInternetAccess59211.3NGSOSatelliteSystems60411.4LinkBudgetsforNGSOSystems61311.5PacketsandProtocolsforNGSOSystems61811.6Gateways,UserTerminals,andOnboardProcessingSatellites62211.7TotalCapacityofOneWebandSpaceXProposedNGSOConstellations62511.8EndofLifeDisposalofNGSOSatellites62511.9ComparisonofSpotBeamCoverageofGSOandLEOInternetAccessSatellites62611.10UserTerminalAntennasforKu-Band,Ka-Band,andV-Band62711.11Summary628Exercises629References62912SatelliteNavigationandtheGlobalPositioningSystem63312.1TheGlobalPositioningSystem63412.2RadioandSatelliteNavigation63712.3GPSPositionLocationPrinciples64012.4GPSCodesandFrequencies64412.5SatelliteSignalAcquisition64812.6GPSSignalLevels65812.7GPSNavigationMessage66212.8GPSClACodeStandardPositioningSystemAccuracy66312.9DifferentialGPS66712.10DenialofService:

JammingandSpoofing66912.11ADS-BandAirTrafficControl67212.12GPSModernization67312.13Summary675Exercises676References677Glossary681AppendixADecibelsinCommunicationsEngineering691AppendixBAntennas695AppendixCComplementaryErrorFunctionerfc（x）andQFunctionQ（z）715AppendixDDigitalTransmissionofAnalogSignals719Index731PrefaceThefirsteditionofSatelliteCommunicationswaspublishedin1986,withthesecondeditionfollowingin2003.Therehavebeenmanychangesinthe33yearssincethefirsteditionappeared,withacompletetransitionfromanalogtodigitalcommunicationsystems.Thelaunchofsatellites,oncetheprovinceofgovernmentagencies,isnowathrivingcommercialbusiness.Bythetimethisthirdeditionreachesthemarket,anumberofprivatecitizenswillhaveenteredthelowerreachesofspaceastourists.Analogtransmissiontechniqueshavebeenreplacedbydigitalmodulationanddigitalsignalprocessing.Spinnersatelliteshavevirtuallydisappeared,replacedbyamuchwiderrangeofsatellitesfromcubesatswithmas