八年级人教版英语寒假讲义第8讲句子成分与连词 教师版Word格式文档下载.docx

1、（4）数词（num.）：表示数目或事物的顺序。one，two，three，first，second，third，fourth.（5）动词（v.）：表示动作或状态。am，is，are，have，see .（6）副词（adv.）：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、程度等。now，very，here，often（7）冠词（art.）：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。a，an，the.（8）介词（prep.）：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in，on，from，above，.（9）连词（conj.）：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and，but，before .（10）感叹词（inte

2、rj.）：表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。oh，well，hi，hello.句子的成分定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分：主要成分：主语和谓语次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday. 主 谓 定 宾 同位 状语 语 语 语 语 语1、主语句子一般要有主语。在简单句中，主语一般由名词、代词、动名词或动词不定式（短语） 来充当。动名词、动词不定式作主语时通常用 it 作形式主语。1）名词作主语English is very important. 英语是很重要

3、的。The students all love their English teacher. 这些学生都爱他们的英语老师。2）代词作主语They go to school by bus. 他们乘公共汽车上学。Most of the students come from the countryside. 大多数学生来自农村。3）动名词作主语Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. 看电视太多对你的眼睛是有害的。Its no use regretting it. 后悔是无用的。4）动词不定式（短语）作主语To see is to believe. 眼见为

4、实。It is very hard to get to sleep. 入睡很难。2、谓语谓语必须由动词充当，但动词不定式、动名词、分词为非谓语动词不能作谓语。可作谓语的动词一般为行为动词（表动作）和连系动词（表状态），行为动词根据其后是否可直接接宾语，又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。1）及物动词作谓语We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。They respect one another. 他们互相尊重（对方）。All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。Did you see many people the

5、re? 你在那儿看见许多人了吗？2）不及物动词作谓语He left here yesterday. 他昨天离开这儿。Youre driving too fast. 你开车开得太快了。The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师走进教室，手里拿着书。He went abroad in the September of 1988. 他于1988年9月出国。3）连系动词表状态He is an excellent teacher. 他是位优秀的教师。Her son is a friend of ours. 她的儿子是我们的朋友。Ours is a great countr

6、y. 我们的国家是一个伟大的国家。The box itself is not so heavy. 箱子本身并不重。3、表语表语与连系动词连用，构成系表结构，说明主语的身份或特征，一般由形容词、名词、动名词、动词不定式、分词等充当。They are brother and sister. 他们是兄妹。What I want to say is this. 我想说的就是这点。Her father is sixty-five. 她父亲65岁。John is captain of the team. 约翰是足球队的队长。The poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。The

7、 ones who really want it are ourselves. 真正想要它的是我们自己。All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport. 你只需从机场打个的即可。My favourite sport is swimming. 我最喜爱的运动是游泳。4、宾语宾语是行为动作的对象，一般可分为动词宾语和介词宾语，充当宾语的可以是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或整个句子。1 动词宾语I like Chinese food. 我喜欢中国菜。I bought a ticket for Milan. 我买了一张去米兰的车票。I enjoy

8、ed talking to you. 我和你谈话很高兴。Have you finished dressing? 你衣服穿好了吗?2 宾语从句We hoped that all would come well. 我们希望一切都会好转。We expected that you would stay for a few days. 我们预计你会待几天的。3 介词宾语 My book is different from yours （或 what you bought in the bookshop） He is interested in music 4 形式宾语 We think it possi

9、ble for him to pass the exam We think it possible that he may pass the exam 5、定语定语为句子的次要成分，起修饰限制名词或代词的作用，可分为前置定语和后置定语。一般由形容词性物主代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词（短语） 或句子充当。1 前置定语His father is a doctor. 他父亲是一名医生。Mr. Green has two sons. 格林先生有两个儿子。I bought a new dictionary. 我买了本新字典。2 后置定语The girl under the tre

10、e is Kate. 在树底下的那个女孩是凯特。The man downstairs couldnt sleep well. 楼下的那个人不能睡好觉。A man going to die is always kind-hearted. 人之将死，其言也善。The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted. 送往委员会的建议被采纳了。3 定语从句Do you know the man who is standing next to Mr. Green? 你认识站在格林先生旁边的那个人吗？6、状语 （状语种类较多,可以选择先讲时间,地点,方式,目的等

11、，分批次解决）英语中的状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，主要由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词充当，或由连词引导状语从句，表示时间、地点、程度、目的、方式，比较、让步、条件、原因、结果、伴随等。状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语） She p

12、ut the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep at once.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语）7、宾语补足语宾语补足

13、语主要用来补充说明宾语，与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系，可由名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词等充当。1 非谓语动词作宾补 I have the car waiting. 我让汽车等着。We had the machine repaired. 我们请人修理了机器。Why dont you have your hair cut? 你为什么不理发?He made me repeat the story. 他要我把那事重讲一遍。2 形容词作宾补Tom found the climb quite easy. 汤姆觉得爬山很容易。You must keep it clean. 你要把它保持干净。注

14、意：后跟形容词作宾语补足语的谓语动词有 keep, find, get, think, make 等。动词不定式作宾语补足语时，当谓语动词为感官动词（如 feel, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, listen to, look at 等），使役动词（如 let, have, make 等），动词不定式不带 to。课堂练习：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.6. His job is to train swi

15、mmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.18. It is our duty to keep our classro

16、om clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.句子的分类句子按其结构（分类）可以分为以下三类：1）简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如：She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。The food was good, but he had little appetite

17、. 食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。总之：用并列连词连接起来的两个或两个以上的简单句叫做并列句，其构成为 ：简单句+ 并列连词 +简单句 区分下列句子是简单句、并列句还是主从复合句: 1.Mr.Smith comes to China once a year. 2.Please be quiet and lets listen to the radio. 3.I had a headache last night，so I went to bed early. 4.Theyll be ready at seven oclock. 5.He liked to collect stamps when

18、 he was young. 6.How long does it take us to get to the zoo? 7.He spoke so fast that I couldnt understand him. 8.We started early that day，for we had a long way to go. 9.He wanted to know how long I had been there. 10.If I am free，I shall come to see you.【答案】 1.简 2.并列 3.并列 4.简 5.主从 6.简 7.主从 8.并列 9.主

19、从 10.主从并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。常见的并列连词有：（1）表并列关系的and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor等。Eg: My father bought me a present, and I like it very much（2）表选择关系的or, eitheror等。 Study hard, or you will fail the exam.（3）表转折关系的but, while等。 Lucy likes red while Lily likes white.（4）表因果关系的for, so等。 Kate was

20、ill so she didnt go to school.3）复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。1.简单句的讲解1）主语+谓语+（状语） 例：We all breathe, eat, and drink. What he said does not matter. They talked for half an hour. 2）主语+ 谓语+ 宾语They ate what was lef

21、t over.He has refused to help them.3）主语+ 系动词+表语His face turned red.The troubleis that they are short of money.4）主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+宾补They appointed him manager. They painted the door green.5）主语+ 谓语+ 直宾+ 间宾She cooked her husband a delicious meal. He showed me how to run the machine.练习：学生们学习很努力。事故是昨天晚上发生的。这种食

22、物尝起来很糟糕。那个小女孩很漂亮。我昨天看了一部电影。他们想要尽快回家。老师告诉孩子们上课不要吃东西。请把你的照片给我看。请让孩子们安静下来。我们发现他是一个诚实的人。【答案】Students work hard. The accident happened last night. The food tastes terrible. That little girl looks beautiful. I watched a movie last night. They wanted to go home as soon as possible. Teachers told the studen

23、ts not to eat in class. Please show me your photo. Please calm the children down. We found he was a honest man.一起学习划分句子成分1. They are working on the farm now.主语 系表结构做谓语 地点状语 时间状语2. Seeing is believing.动词ing做主语 谓语 宾语3. All of us like Kobe Bryant very much.主语 谓语 宾语 程度副词状语4. She became a doctor in 1998.

24、主语 谓语 宾语 时间状语5. The book lying on the floor are mine.主语 补语 谓语 宾语6. Suddenly it began to rain.状语 形式主语 谓语7. To catch the train, I got up early yesterday.目的状语 主语 谓语 时间状语8. I always find her happy.主语 谓语 宾语 状语9. The letter which I received the day before yesterday was a friend of mine.主语 定语从句 谓语 宾语10. We

25、 always work hard at English.主语 状语 谓语 状语 状语11. He said he didnt come.主句主语 主句谓语 从句主语 从句谓语12. They love each other.主 谓语 宾语挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.A B C D People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge a