初中英语语法知识大全Word文档格式.docx

1、有些名词的复数构成是不规则的，如：child-children，foot-feet。goose-geese, mouse-mice, man-men, ox-oxen, tooth-teeth，woman-women等。例如：Every fall geese f1y over the houseThe dentist told him that several teeth of his need to be filledMrs. Smith has three children，and Tonny is the youngest oneI think weve got mice in the

2、kitchen有些名词的单复数形式是一样的，如：Chinese，Japanese，Burmese（缅甸），Spanish （西班牙），Lebanese （黎巴嫩），Portuguese （葡萄牙），Swiss（瑞士）sheep，deer，swine （猪），fish，carp（鲤鱼），salmon （鲑），means，series，species，aircraft，spacecraft等。The best fish are near the bottomWhen they got to the New World，Spanish constructed their houses with Mo

3、orish architectural featuresI saw a white sheep running down the roadJudging by his language，he must be a Japanese在表示一类事物时，介词of后的名词要用复数形式。Beethoven is of the greatest musicians in the worldThe Animal Art Festival is being held at Shanghai zoo, which is one of the most welcome festivals in the city.A

4、s one of the countries that bear responsibility for the incident, German Chancellor Schroeder holds that the organization should apologize to Chinese government unconditionally.She is one of the three martyrs who were killed in NATOs bombing on the Chinese Embassy in Yugoslavia. 大多数集体名词可作单数，也可作复数，如：

5、army，audience，class，committee，crew（全体船员，乘务员），crowd，faculty，family, government group orchestra，public，team，union等。但有些虽然是单数形式，却用作复数，如：cattle（牡畜）mankind（人类），militia（民兵），people，police，poultry（家畜），staff（全体职员）等。The president said the Chinese Gowrnment is paying close attention to developments in this matt

6、er, and continues to reserve the right to take future action.The cattle, were grazing on the meadow near the farm.The audience were amused by his humorous stories.My family is far away from the school.有些名词只有复数形式，而且也只用作复数，如：clothes，glasses，spectacles，pants，arms（武器），belongings（所有物），customs（海关），goods（货

7、物），suburbs（郊区），papers（文件）等；而有些名词形式为复数，却用作单数，如：electronics（电子学），mathematics（数学），optics（光学），politics，statistics（统计学）等。The shorts he wears are made of leather.Linguistics is a difficult subject to study.He used to study electronics which isnt his favorite sujectI love to live in the suburbs that are co

8、nclusive有些名词一般情况下以单数形式出现，表示总体。但如果表示若干、多次或几种时，则要用其复数。这类词有：hair，fruit，pollution，rain，difficulty，success，wind，failure，favour等。The barber had been cutting human hair for two years before he came to Los AngelesMother bought oranges，bananas and other fruits.These caves collapse easily in heavyrains, and g

9、reat windsHes having financial difficulties有些名词一般只有单数形式，它们通常是表示物质和抽象概念的不可数名词，像：advice，baggage，bread，corn，clothing，equipment，education，fun，furniture，food，fruit，garbage，grass，happiness，homework，housework，humanity，information，knowledge，landscape，1aughter，machinery，mankind，merchandise，money，music，nonsen

10、se，nature，population，progress，scenery，smoke，sweat，strength，traffic，thunder，ink，jewellery，damage，mail，work，soap，sugar，gold，chalk，cloth，anger，applause，cake，chocolate，poverty等。I must seek the advice of a specialist in the matter of the transfer of property rightsHeadache is the most common disease of h

11、uman.I really get a lot of fun from reading in leisure time.The population of Shanghai is very big.有些名词单复数的含义不同，使用时要根据上下文的意思进行选择。这类词包括：communication（通讯）communications（通讯系统，通讯工具），cloth（布）-clothes（衣服），content（内容）-contents（目录），convenience（便利）-conveniences（便利设备）, humanity（人类）-humanities（人文科学），necessity（

12、需要）-necessities（必需品），wood（木材）-woods（树林），pain（疼痛）pains（辛劳），ruin（毁灭）-ruins（废墟，遗迹），sand（沙子）-sands（沙滩），work（工作）-works（工厂，著作）等。“Hometown” is one of Lu Xuns most famous worksThe insurance company paid $98，700 in damages for the accidentMy child enjoys playing on the sandsNo pains，no gains有些名词只有复数形式。如：fund

13、amentals（基本原则）, goods（货物）, means（方法） ,shorts（短裤）， sweets（欢乐）, valuables（贵重物品）等。The fundamentals are made to guarantee the social stabilityDont take any valuables there for the sake of safety.The goods were purchased from him arent expensive.I think our problem can be solved by means of negotiation.

14、名词做定语时，不能用作复数。Please check your examination paper carefully after finishing。The Chinas Central Television Station supplies weather report everyday，Youd better inform my family members before leaving for BeijingThe United States and Germany are two member states of NATO.复合名词的复数只把其中所包含的主体名词变成复数。looker

15、（s）-on，runner（s）-up，son（s）-in-law，editor（s）-in-chief，passer（s）-by，grand-child（ren），armyman（armymen），room-number（s），shoe lace（s），dinner plate（s），blood type（s）等。如果没有主体名词，就在最后一个词上加复数词尾。go-between（s），drawback（s）等。注意以man，woman构成的复合名词，全部变成复数。man-servantmen-servants, woman-soldierwomen-soldiers。Would you b

16、ring me some dinner plates?We had a wonderful talk with some women-soldiers Dont regard yourselves as passers-by under such circumstancesWe are of different blood types名词的所有格一般在词尾加 s，已有复数词尾-s的，只加。We must work hard to fulfil the countrys plansThe school is within a stones throwNearby are her relative

17、s housesCould you tell me the Smithss addres?名词所有格有时还可以和of构成短语，有以下两种情况：1）它所修饰的词前面有一个表示数量的词，如：a，two，several，some，any，no，few等。2）它所修饰的词前面有+个指示代词，使句子表示某种情绪。Several students of Lao Yangs acted in the playWe saw a play Guo Moros.At birth，the head of a baby is extremely large in relation to the rest of the

18、 body。I have some records of NaYing2代词的用法 1）人称代词有主格人称代词，在句中充当主语：I，you，he，she，it, we，you，they和宾格人称代词，在句中充当宾语：me，you，him，her，it, us，you；them。We havent seen each other for a long time since he went abroadLet you and me have an appointment for the next weekend.Have you got any idea about this issue?Tell

19、 us whatever youve heard.2）物主代词可在句中作定语，有指人的：my，our，your，his，her和their；有指物的:it，his或her（指国家或轮船）。名词性物主代词作表语、主语、宾语，与of连用可作定语：yours，ours，theirs，mine，her，his，its。Tonny is an old friend of mineMy dormitory is next to yours，and Marys is on the third floorTitanic sank with her several thousand passengersNext

20、 time its on my treat3）反身代词亦称自身代词，可作宾语、表语，作主语或宾语的同位语，还与某些动词连用，与介词连用构成成语。有：myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves。These children are too young to take care of themselvesDont worry，he will be himself again soonAlthough Uncle George is a bad-tempered man，I think he is a

21、kind man in himselfYou should be responsible for yourself4）相互代词表示相互关系，有：each other（两者之间）和one another（多者之间）。I met Miss Scott this morning，and we greeted each otherWe should learn from one another and make progress together，5）指示代词在句中充当主语、宾语和定语，有：this，that，these，those。Such也是指示代词，可作定语、主语和表语，修饰可数名词时要与a连用

22、。Nowadays TV programs are much more colorful than those Of the pastThe money spent on entertainment，according to some authorities，has exceeded that spent on public healthI want to know this：are you talking about the accident I encountered yesterday?His future is closely bound with that of the compan

23、y。You shouldnt trust on such a person who never keeps his promise6）疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what which。who可作主语和表语；whom作宾语，whose，what，which可作主语、表语、宾语和定语，其中作主语时，要看所代表的人或物是单数还是复数，如果不清楚，则动词一般用单数。Who will see to this matter?Whom have you chosen to be responsible for the work?It is hard to decide whose is bett

24、er.Whats on your schedule?Which university did he enter at last?7）关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which。which代表事物，that代表人或物；在非限制性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who（m）代表人，用which代表物，或代表主句所说的全部内容。在带有a11，something，nothing，anything，much等的句子中不能用which，而用that。Our football team was defeated again，which shows our players need much

25、 more effortThe factory now has over 1,000 workers，half of whom are womenHe promised to tell us all that he knewWhose turn to make presentation is bcyond me.8）连接代词有：what，who，whonl，whose，which，用来连接主语从句、宾语从句和表浯从句。Whoever，whomever，whichever，whatever为复合代词。I didnt know what to do at that very momentThe g

26、overnment sell public houses to whoever provides enough amount Of moneyWhomever I worry about is none of your businessTake whichever you like，please第二节形容词与副词 形容词和副词在语法结构上都有比较级和最高级，它们的构成方法基本上一样，都与音节多少有关，有些形容词和副词有特殊的比较级和最高级形式。二者基本分为同级比较、比较级和最高级三种形式。1形容词与副词的用法形容词中有词形相近的，也有词义相近的，应注意区别。1）behind（在后的）-hind

27、（后部的），considerate（周到的，体贴的）-considerable（应考虑的），eminent（闻名的）-imminent（紧迫的），gracious（亲切的）-graceful（优雅的），like（有生命的）-alive（活的），industrious（勤劳的）-industrial（工业的），like（同样的）-alike（同样的，仅作表语），opposite（相对的）-opposing（反对的），perspective（透视的）-respective（各自的），sensitive（伤感的）-sensible（明显的），etc，。We did enjoy your stayin

28、g in Beijing，and Mrs. Yan is really considerateProfessor Li has many world-famous inventions，and he is respectable to usAs any one knows that we use our front teeth for biting and our hind teeth for chewingIts a considerable success for him2）elemental（初步的）-fundamental（基本的），eligible（合格的）-capable（能干的）

29、，flexible（灵活的）-changeable（可改变的），initial（最初的）-preliminary（初步的，预备的），slack（松弛的）-lazy（懒惰的），valueless（无价值的）-priceless（无价的），vivid（生动的）一living（活的），etc。Henrys speech was so vivid that his audience applauded againand again，It is easier to adapt to new situations if one has a flexible attitudeWe have finished the preliminary examYour suggestion is priceless，and 1 will consider carefully3）有些词尾为-ly的并非副词，而是形容词，如：lovdy，likdy，deadly，earthly（现世的），leisurdy（空闲的），weekly，yearly，manly（丈夫