化学专业英语翻译Word格式.docx

1、Agargentumsilver；Wwolframtungsten；Snstannumtin。Sbstibium锑；Cucuprum铜；Auaurum金；Feferrum铁；Pbplumbum铅；Hghydrargyrum贡；Nanatrium钠；Kkalium钾；Agargentum银；Wwolfra钨；Snstannum锡。What are the basic rules of formula formation and what can help us？什么是配方形成的基本规律，什么能帮助我们？At first knowledge of the oxidation number，whic

2、h is a charge arbitrarily assigned to atoms by assuming that all electrons in covalent bond belong to the more electronegative atom.起初关于氧化数的知识，它是通过假定在共价键的所有电子属于较电负性原子任意地分配给原子的电荷先知识。Simple rules can be uesd to get this oxidation number：简单的规则可以用来得到这个氧化数：（1）The usual oxidation number of hydrogen is +1，

3、in hydrides -1，oxidation number of oxygen is -2（with exception of peroxides and superoxide and of oxygen fluoride）。氢通常的氧化数为+1，在氢化物-1，氧的氧化数为-2（有例外：过氧化物和超氧化物和氧氟）。（2）The maximum positive oxidation number is usually the same as the number of the Group in the periodic table in which the element is situat

4、ed（with exception of fluorine，oxygen，noble gases，several elements of Ib and VIIIb Groups and inner transition elements）。最大正氧化数通常是相同的，其中的元素是位于（有例外氟，氧，惰性气体，Ib和的VIIIb组的多个元素与内过渡元素）的周期表中的组的数目。（3）The sum of oxidation numbers of all atoms in a molecule is zero；in an ion，the sum is the charge of the ion。在分子

5、中所有原子的氧化数的总和为零;离子中，该总和是离子的电荷。Another term is used in connection with atoms and ions-common valence（from Latin - valentia = capacity）。另一个词是用来与原子和离子，常见化合价连接（来自拉丁语 - valentia=容量）。Common valence shows the combining capacity of an atom。By convention，hydrogen is assigned a valence of 1。常见化合价表示原子的结合能力按照惯例，

6、氢被指定为1价。Then we can define the common valence of an element（Cl- in HCl）or a combination of elements（SO42- in H2SO4）as the number of hydrogen atoms that combine with one atom of that element or group in anion。然后我们可以定义常见化合价一个元件（以Cl-在HCl中）或元素（SO42 - 在H2SO4）的氢原子与在该阴离子元素或基团中的一个原子结合的数目的组合。 Writing Formula

7、s编写公式Copper（II）sulphate铜（II）溶液（1）the symbol of the cation is written：Cu阳离子的符号写的是：铜（2）The numeral in brackets gives the oxidation state of the cation：+2Cu2+括号中的数字给出了阳离子的氧化态：+2Cu2+（3）the anion is writtenthe valence of anion is given by the suffixate，which is typical of the higher oxidation state of an

8、 element，sulphates are salts of sulphuric acid H2SO4 the valence is -2：SO42- 负离子被写入阴离子的化合价是由后缀ate，这是典型元素的高氧化态，硫酸盐是硫酸H2SO4价盐给出的-2：SO42-（4）the molecule is electroneutral：the formula is CuSO4该分子是中性：公式是硫酸铜 Naming Compounds化合物命名The IUPAC（International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry）recommendations p

9、revail。However，we cannot omit the traditional names。以IUPAC（国际纯粹与应用化学联合会）的建议为准。但是，我们不能忽略的传统名称。The common rules：The names of an element which forms a positive ion（cation）is written first and the name of anion is written then。共同规则：形成一个正离子（阳离子）元素的名称首先被写入和阴离子的名字。Example：sodium chloride（table salt，rock sa

10、lt）例如：氯化钠（食盐，岩盐） Binary Compounds（Two Elements）二元化合物（两个元素） the second element（anion）is given the suffixIDE；第二个元素（负离子），是由于后缀-IDE； when an element exhibits more than one combining capacity，its valence is shown as a Roman numeral or it is recommended to use Greek prefixes：1mono-（usually omitted），2di-，3

11、tri-，4tetra-，5penta-，6hexa-；当一个元件具有一个以上的结合能力，其化合价表示为罗马数字，或者它是推荐使用希腊语的前缀：1mono-（通常省略），2di-，3tri-，4tetra-，5penta-，6hexa-； in the traditional system，the compounds are distinguished by the suffix-ous for the lower oxidation state，the suffix - ic for the higher oxidation state；在传统的系统中，该化合物由后缀-OUS为较低的氧化态，

12、后缀区分- IC为较高的氧化态; sometimes，trivial names are still used（calomel）有时，俗名仍在使用（甘汞） Lesson6 Introduction to Organic Chemistry有机化学介绍 What is organic Chemistry？什么是有机化学The word“organic”is one of the most overused in the English Language。单词“有机”是最被过度运用的英语之一。People use it as a derogatory term in phrases like“do

13、nt eat that，its not organic”。人们把它作为一个贬义词，如“不吃这一套，这不是有机”的短语。Of course，there is a precise scientific definition of the word。当然，也有这个词的精确的科学定义。In science，organic can be a biological or chemical term。在科学上，有机可生物或化学名词。In biology it means any thing that is living or has lived。在生物学上就意味着生活或居住的任何事情。The opposit

14、e is non-organic。与此相反的是非有机。In chemistry，an organic compounds is one containing carbon atoms。在化学中，有机的化合物，是含有碳原子的。The opposite term is inorganic。与此相反的词是无机物。 Molecules分子All substances are made up of molecules which are collections of atoms。所有物质都是由分子，原子的组合。All the molecules in existence are made up of a

15、bout a hundred different kinds of atoms。所有存在的分子是由约一百种不同的原子组成的。For example，a water molecule is composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen。例如，水分子是由两个氢原子和一个氧原子组合的。We write its formula as H2O。我们把这公式写作H2O。A molecule of sulphuric acid contains two atoms of hydrogen，one atom of sulphur and fo

16、ur atoms of oxygen。硫酸的分子中含有两个原子氢，硫的一个原子和四个氧原子。Its formula is H2SO4。这公式写作H2SO4。These are simple molecules containing only a few atoms。这些都是只包含几个简单原子的分子。 Molecules with carbon带着碳原子的分子Most atoms are only capable of forming small molecules。大多数原子只能够形成小分子。However one or two can form larger molecules。但是一个或两

17、个能形成更大的分子。By far the best atom for making large molecules with is carbon。迄今为止用于制备大分子的原子最好是碳。Carbon can make molecules that have tens，hundreds，thousands even millions of atoms！碳可以组成几十，几百，几千甚至上百万的原子分子！A single carbon atom is capable of combining with up to four other atoms。一个单一的碳原子能够与多至四个其它原子结合。We say

18、 it has a valency of 4。我们就说它具有4的化合价。Sometimes a carbon atom will combine with fewer atoms。有时一个碳原子将结合用较少的原子。The carbon atom is one of the few that will combine with itself。碳原子是少数可以将与自身结合的原子之一。This means that carbon atoms can form chains and rings onto which other atoms can be attached。这意味着它们的碳原子可形成链和

19、环上的其它原子可以连接。This leads to a huge number of different compounds。这导致巨大的不同化合物的数目。Organic chemistry is essentially the chemistry of carbon。有机化学物质基本上是碳的化学物。Carbon compounds are classified according to how the carbon atoms are arranged and what other groups of atoms are attached。 碳化合物是按照怎样的碳原子排列和什么原子的其它基团

20、连接分类。 Hydrocarbon烃The simplest organic compounds are made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms only。最简单的有机化合物的仅仅由碳和氢原子组成。Even these run into thousands！即使是这些也能到数千！Compounds of carbon and hydrogen only are called hydrocarbons。碳和氢的化合物仅被称为烃。 Alkanes烷烃The simplest hydrocarbon is methane，CH4。最简单的烃是甲烷，CH4。

21、This is the simplest member of a series of hydrocarbon。这是最简单的一个系列烃的构件。Each successive member of the series has one more carbon atom than the preceding member。该系列的每个连续的构件比前述构件多1个碳原子。There is a series of these compounds with this general formula：CnH2n+2。这个化合物系列有个通式：This series of compounds are called

22、alkanes。这些列化合物叫烷烃。The lighter ones are gases and used as fuels。较轻的是气体，用作燃料。The middle ones（7 carbons to 12 carbons）are liquids used in petrol（gasoline）。中间的那些（7个碳原子到12个碳原子）是用作汽油（汽油）中的液体。The higher ones are waxy solids。较高的是蜡状固体。Candle wax is a mixture of alkanes。蜡烛是烷烃的混合物。After butane，the names of the

23、se compounds are from the Greek for the number of carbon atoms followed by the suffix -ane。丁烷后，这些化合物的名称是从希腊语中的碳原子跟后缀-ANE的数量演变来的。So，decane would have the formula：C10H22。所以，癸将具有公式：Polythene is a very large alkane with millions of atoms in a single molecule。聚乙烯是非常大的烷烃与数以百万原子的单分子。Apart from being flamma

24、ble，alkanes are stable compounds found underground。除了易燃，烷烃是地下发现的稳定化合物。In the alkanes，all four of the carbon valency bonds are taken up with links to different atoms。在烷烃里，所有四价碳键采取链接到不同的原子。These types of bonds are called single bonds and are generally stable and resistant to attack by other chemicals。

25、这些类型的债券被称为单一的键且普遍稳定，耐其它化学物质的攻击。Alkanes contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible。烷烃可能含有最大数量的氢原子。They are said to be saturated。据说它们是饱和的。The alkanes are not the only hydrocarbon。烷烃不是唯一的烃。Another series of compounds is called the alkenes。另一系列的化合物被称为烯烃。These have a general formula：CnH2n。这些烯烃

26、具有通式：Alkenes have fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkanes。烯烃有比烷烃较少的氢原子。The extra valencies left over occur as double bonds between a pair of carbon atoms。剩下多余的化合价发生作为一对碳原子之间的双键。The double bonds are more reactive than single bonds making the alkenes chemically more reactive。双键比单键活泼使得烯烃化学性质更活泼。These com

27、pounds are named in a similar manner to the alkanes except that the suffix is -ene。这些化合物以类似的方式命名的烷烃除了后缀是-ene。 Lesson8 Types of Organic Reactions有机反应的类型There are four types of organic reactions：有四种类型的有机反应： Substitution reactions取代反应The reactions in which an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced or substituted by different atoms or group of atoms are called substitution