InterculturalCommunicationLectureNotesWord格式.docx

1、 relationship between language and culture - why are language and culture closely related, and cannot be separated?; verbal communication - we need to learn to identify words with cultural meanings; non-verbal communication try to understand the attached meanings of gestures, postures, facial expres

2、sions, eye contact and gaze, touch, concepts of time （pace）, and space （distance） ; dealing with cultural diversity in the “global village”: accept and tolerate the potential conflicts, avoid prejudice and discrimination.e） English language learners and intercultural communication- The requirement o

3、f the national syllabus.Intercultural Learning - The process of becoming more aware of and better understanding ones own culture and other cultures around the world.The aim of intercultural learning - to increase international and cross-cultural tolerance and understandingIntercultural Awareness - I

4、ntercultural awareness in language learning is often talked about as if it were a fifth skill.We cannot learn a second language if we do not have an awareness of that culture, and how that culture relates to our own first language/first culture. So it is not only essential to have cultural awareness

5、, but also intercultural awareness.Intercultural awareness skills include:- observing, identifying and recognizing- comparing and contrasting- negotiating meaning- dealing with or tolerating ambiguity- effectively interpreting messages- limiting the possibility of misinterpretation- defending ones o

6、wn point of view while acknowledging the legitimacy of others - accepting differenceIntercultural communicative competenceYou should be able to _ 1. look at your own culture from the point of view of your own culture 2. be aware of how your culture is seen from outside, by other countries or culture

7、s3. understand or see the target culture from its own perspective 4. be aware of how they see the target cultureWays to develop intercultural competence 1. Produce a guidebook, poster or webpage for visitors to your town, country or region. 2. Read articles or extracts from books, newspapers, magazi

8、nes or websites written by people who have visited your town, country or region. 3. Familiarize yourself with sources of information like newspapers and websites about the target culture Unit 2 Culture and Communication（1） Culture1 Definitions of cultureCulture can be defined in many ways. This indi

9、cates that culture is all-inclusive; it is everything and everywhere. Hall reminds us: “Culture is communication and communication is culture.”The most widely accepted definition is: “Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values behaviours, institutions and communication patterns th

10、at are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.” （Hall, 1977）2 Ingredients of cultureCulture may be classified by three large categories of elements: artifact, concepts, and behaviors. （Almanet and Alwan,1982） “Where as money is considered an artifa

11、ct, the value placed upon it is a concept, but the actual spending and saving of money in behaviour.” （Samovar, Porter & Stefani, 2000）Some scholars prefer that various aspects of culture are generally divided into three levels.Fig. 1 Levels of cultureMaterial/ Symbol level （most superficial） “Pract

12、ices” - VisibleInstitutions/ System levelValues/ Belief and behaviour level - Invisible3 Characteristics of cultureCulture is not innate; it is learned. Culture is transmitted from generation to generation. Culture is the basis of self-identity and community.Culture combines the visible and invisibl

13、e.Culture is dynamic.Cultures are inherently logical.Culture is selective. The facets of culture are interrelated. Culture is ethnocentric. 4 Cultural symbols and images5 What culture do we learn?Hofstede （1991）:culture the first culture and the second culture. culture in a narrow sense culture in a

14、 broad sense Other scholars: Culture with a big C culture with a small c Big C = achievement culture, . history, geography, institutions, literature, music and art etc. small c = behaviour culture, . products （nonmaterial）, ideas and behaviours（ 2） Communication1 Needs and purposes for communication

15、（refer to： Maslows hierarchy of need）The common purposes and needs of communicating:survival, co-operation, personal needs, relationships, persuasion, power, social needs, information, making sense of the world, and self-expression. All these can be organised under four main categories: personal nee

16、ds, social purposes, economic necessities, and artistic expression.2 Definition of communicationDance and Larson （1972） found 126 definitions of communication, since then none has been added to their list. Communication simply refers to the act and process of sending and receiving messages among peo

17、ple. From the perspective of intercultural communication:“Communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behaviour or the residue of behaviour.” （交际是在意义被给予某一行为或行为的结果时产生的现象。） - by Samovar and Porter （1997）3 The scope and classification of communicationCommunication occurs under the following

18、circumstances:1 There is at least two or more people.2 There must be some contact between communicators.two-way contact, or one-way contact;direct and indirect communication, face-to-face communication and distance communication.3 There must be a language shared by communicators. 4 An exchange of in

19、formation has taken place.Various degree of success in communication: complete success partial success failure4 The process of communication1 Components of communicationMessage senderreceiverchannel Samovar and Porter （1997） noise Feedback* encoding（编码）* decoding（译码）2 Models of communication The lin

20、ear model （线性交际模式/ 5W模式）Sender Message Channel Receiver EffectFig. 7 Lasswellss linear model The linear model is usually called 5 W model: Who A Sender Say what Directs a Message In which channel Through some Medium To whom To a Receiver And with what effect With some Effect The Circular model （循环式模

21、式） In 1950s Osgood and Schramm suggest to integrate the concept of feedback in the process of communication, and there comes the circular model. The contextualised model （环境模式）This model adds the dimension of a situation and/ or its surroundings - Context. The context can be physical, social or cult

22、ural context.Based on its nature, communication can be classified as several types: intrapersonal communication, interpersonal communication, organizational communication, and mass communication. Different scholars describe the communication process in different models, such as Lasswells linear mode

23、l or 5 W model, Osgood-Schramms circular model, and the contextualised model.Communication plays an integral part in human life. It involves the following essential ingredients: senders and receivers, encoding and decoding, messages, channels, noise, and feedback. All these intergradients are intera

24、cted with each other. Field of experience, effect and context also affect the act of communication. 5 Characteristics of communicationCommunication is dynamic. Communication is irreversibleCommunication is symbolic. Communication is systemic. Communication is self-reflectiveCommunication is interact

25、ive.Communication is complex. Unit 3 Cultural Diversity1Definition of valueValues are the most deep-seated part of a culture, our beliefs, attitudes and behaviours are influenced by our cultural value. Values differ somewhat according to age, gender, social position, occupation and region.Concise Ox

26、ford Dictionary “Ones principles or standards, ones judgement of what is valuable or important in life.” Hofstede - “a broad tendency to prefer certain states of affairs over others”.Kluckhohn “a conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desi

27、rable which influences the selection from available modes, means and ends of action.” （价值观是“个人或群体所特有的一种显型或隐型的认什么缘故是可取的观念，这一观念阻碍人们从现有的各类行为模式，方式和目的中作出选择。”）2Values form the core of cultureGeert Hofstedes theory of cultural variations can be compared to the peeling of an onion. He states that four level

28、s embody the total concept of culture like an onion with 4 layers: symbols, heroes, rituals and values. Cultural symbols and imagesSymbols represent the most superficial and the easiest to perceive by an outsider and the least important to an outsider. （符号有词语、姿势、图表或物体等，这些东西都有其特定的含义， 只有共享这一文化的人材能识别。 Heroes Heroes possess characteristics that are highly praised and worshipped in a culture. Such as in China, figures like Lin Zexu, Dong Cunrui can served as Chines cultura heroes. In American culture, they worship George Washington, Martin Luther King, etc