朗文英语听说教程2听力原文解析文档格式.docx

1、categories of family names. Although the scope of the lecture today isEnglish-language names, we can use the same approach, you know, to look atnames from any culture.Lets take a brief look at first, or given names. There are several ways parentschoose the first name for their child.The first way is

2、 by family history. Parents may choose a name because it ispassed from generation to generation; for example, the first born son might benamed after his father or grandfather. Although family names are also passedto daughters, it is usually as a middle name. Adding junior or the secondfor example, W

3、illiam Parker the seconds only done with boys, not with girlsnames.The second way parents choose a name is after a family member or friend whohas died recently, or after someone they admire, like a well-known leader ora famous musician. Although most English first names mean something, forexample, R

4、ichard means powerful and “Ann means grace, nowadaysmeaning is not the main reason people select their babys name.The third way is to provide a push for the child. Parents want to choose aname that sounds very successful. A strong name might help them in thebusiness world, for example. Or they might

5、 choose a name that works foreither gender, like Taylor or Terry. So, given these three methods, what is themost common way parents choose a name? Many parents choose a namesimply because they like it, or because its fashionable or classic. Fashions innames change just as they do in clothes. One hun

6、dred years ago, many namescame from the Bible names such as Daniel, and Anna, and Hannah andMatthew. Then fifty years ago, Biblical names went out of fashion. Nowadays,names from the Bible are becoming popular again.Similarly, parents often choose classic names, names that were popular in1900, 1950,

7、 and are still popular now. Classic names for boys include Thomas,David, Robert, and Michael. And for girls: Anna, Elizabeth, Emily, andKatherine, just to name a few. Theyre classic. They never go out of style.s look at the origin of last names, also called family names or surnames.Researchers have

8、studied thousands of last names, and theyve divided theminto four categories. The categories are: place names, patronymics, addednames, and occupational names. A recent survey showed that of the 7,000most popular names in the United States today, 43 percent were place names,32 percent were patronymi

9、cs, 15 percent were occupational names, and 9percent were added names.The first category is place names. Place names usually identified where aperson lived or worked. Someone named John Hill lived near a hill, forexample, and the Rivers family lived near a river. If you hear the name EmmaBridges, wh

10、at image do you see? Do you see a family that lives near a bridge?If you do, you get the idea.The second category is patronymics. Thats P-A-T-R-O-N-Y-M-I-C-S. Apatronymic is the fathers name, plus an ending like S-E-N or S-O-N. Theending means that a child, a boy, is the son of his father. The names

11、 Robertson,Petersen, and Wilson are patronymics. Robertson is son of Robert, Petersen isson of Peter, and so on.The third category is added names. Linguists sometimes call this categorynicknames, but when most of us hear the word nickname, we think of aspecial name a friend or a parent might use. Th

12、e word nickname is actuallyan old English word that means an additional name, an added name. So Illuse the term added name. This category of last names is fun because thenames usually described a person. Reed, Baldwin, and Biggs are examples.Reed was from red for red hair. Baldwin was someone who wa

13、s bald,someone who had little or no hair. And Biggs.STUDENT 2: Someone big? Yeah, someone big, right. Now, if we look around the room, wecould probably come up with some new last names, like, uh. Curly or Strong.Now, the fourth category is occupational names. The origin of the familyname was the per

14、sons occupation. The most common examples ofoccupational names still used today are Baker （someone who bakes bread）.Tailor （someone who sews clothes）. Miller （someone who makes flour forbread）, and Smith. . . . Now, Smith is actually the most common name in thewestern English-speaking world. The nam

15、e comes from an Old English word,smite, thats S-M-I-T-E, which means to hit or strike. In the old days, a smithmade metal things for daily life, like tools. Every town needed smiths. Whatinteresting is that many languages have a family name that means Smith. InArabic it is Haddad, H-A-D-D-A-D. In Sp

16、anish it is Herrera, H-E-R-R-E-R-A. In Italian it is Ferraro, F-E-R-R-A-R-O. And in German it is Schmidt,spelled S-C-H-M-I-D-T. All these names mean smith.Though names may tell us something about someones family history, youneed to keep in mind that they may not tell us much at all about the present

17、.For example, theres usually not much connection between the origin of thename and the person who has it now. Take the name Cook, for instance. Aperson named Cook today probably doesnt cook for a living. Also, manypeople change their names for various reasons. Lots of people who havemoved to the Uni

18、ted States have changed their names to sound more American.This happens less now than in the past, but people still do it. People also usepen names or stage names to give themselves a professional advantage. Forexample, the writer Samuel Clemens used the pen name Mark Twain, andThomas Mapother IV us

19、es the stage name Tom Cruisey.So, lets recap now. In todays lesson, we looked at how parents chooseEnglish first names. We also looked at some common origins of family names.In the next class, well look at how names are given in Korea and in Japan.This is covered in the next section of the book. Tha

20、ts all for today.Unit 2 English: A Global Language? Todays topic is English as a global language. I know many ofyou speak English as a second language, right? How about you, Hiroshi? IsEnglish your first language? No, my first language is Japanese. English is my secondlanguage. And how about you, Pa

21、tricia? English is my second language, too. My first language isSpanish. See, many of you use English as a second language, even as aglobal language to communicate with other people who speak English as asecond language. Today, I want to give you two contrasting points of view onwhether or not Engli

22、sh is a global language. The first is that English isobviously a global language. People who support this point of view believeEnglish is the language people all over the world use to communicate, andthat it is gradually replacing other languages. The second point of view is thatEnglish is not truly

23、 a global language because it is not the main languagespoken by people worldwide. Supporters of this view say that though manypeople speak some English worldwide, English has not replaced otherlanguages. They acknowledge that people use English every day, for manyreasons, but this doesnt mean Englis

24、h is replacing other languages, nor doesit make English the main language spoken in the world.First, lets examine the first view. First of all, English is the dominant languageof business, travel, and science. When people need a common language, theyoften use English. Think about it. English is ofte

25、n used at tourist informationcenters, in international hotels. If you use a taxi in Rome, and you cant speakItalian, the taxi driver is more likely to use English than any other languages.It is use at business meetings and international sports events. The EuropeanUnion uses English, along with Frenc

26、h, at its meetings.ASEAN the Asiantrade group, uses English at its meetings. Can you think of other situations inwhich English is used as common language? How about this class? All of in the Philippines, Singapore, andIndian. Absolutely. Educational settings are a great example. Anyothers? How about

27、 a chatroom on sometimes go to chatrooms andeveryone is using English. Excellent example. The Internet has created a lot ofcommunities and people often use English. In fact, most people who use theInternet know English. This helps support the view that English is a globalThe second major reason that

28、 people believe English is a global language isthat it is the official language of more than seventy-five countries. This meansthese countries use English in schools, banks, business, and government. Ofthese seventy-five countries, English may be the only official language of thecountry, like in Eng

29、land, or English may be used along with other officiallanguages, like in the Philippines, Singapore, and India. In countries like India,where so many languages are spoken, you can see how using English as anofficial language makes it easier for people to communicate.The third reason to support the global argument is that every year about 1billion people study English. Why? What are some of the reasons? Hiroshi?How about you? Well, now to study, and someday I want to be in internationalbusiness. Thats a solid reason. How about you, Oksana?STUDENT