朗文英语听说教程2听力原文解析文档格式.docx

朗文英语听说教程2听力原文解析文档格式.docx

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categoriesoffamilynames.Althoughthescopeofthelecturetodayis

English-languagenames,wecanusethesameapproach,youknow,tolookat

namesfromanyculture.

Let'

stakeabrieflookatfirst,orgivennames.Thereareseveralwaysparents

choosethefirstnamefortheirchild.

Thefirstwayisbyfamilyhistory.Parentsmaychooseanamebecauseitis

passedfromgenerationtogeneration;

forexample,thefirstbornsonmightbe

namedafterhisfatherorgrandfather.Althoughfamilynamesarealsopassed

todaughters,itisusuallyasamiddlename.Adding"

junior"

or"

thesecond"

forexample,WilliamParkerthesecondsonlydonewithboys'

notwithgirls’

names.

Thesecondwayparentschooseanameisafterafamilymemberorfriendwho

hasdiedrecently,oraftersomeone"

theyadmire,likeawell-knownleaderor

afamousmusician.AlthoughmostEnglishfirstnamesmeansomething,for

example,"

Richard"

meanspowerfuland“Ann"

meansgrace,nowadays

meaningisnotthemainreasonpeopleselecttheirbaby'

sname.

Thethirdwayistoprovidea"

push"

forthechild.Parentswanttochoosea

namethatsoundsvery"

successful."

Astrongnamemighthelptheminthe

businessworld,forexample.Ortheymightchooseanamethatworksfor

eithergender,likeTaylororTerry.So,giventhesethreemethods,whatisthe

mostcommonwayparentschooseaname?

Manyparentschooseaname

simplybecausetheylikeit,orbecauseit'

sfashionableorclassic.Fashionsin

nameschangejustastheydoinclothes.Onehundredyearsago,manynames

camefromtheBiblenamessuchasDaniel,andAnna,andHannahand

Matthew.Thenfiftyyearsago,Biblicalnameswentoutoffashion.Nowadays,

namesfromtheBiblearebecomingpopularagain.

Similarly,parentsoftenchooseclassicnames,namesthatwerepopularin

1900,1950,andarestillpopularnow.ClassicnamesforboysincludeThomas,

David,Robert,andMichael.Andforgirls:

Anna,Elizabeth,Emily,and

Katherine,justtonameafew.They'

reclassic.Theynevergooutofstyle.

slookattheoriginoflastnames,alsocalledfamilynamesorsurnames.

Researchershavestudiedthousandsoflastnames,andthey'

vedividedthem

intofourcategories.Thecategoriesare:

placenames,patronymics,added

names,andoccupationalnames.Arecentsurveyshowedthatofthe7,000

mostpopularnamesintheUnitedStatestoday,43percentwereplacenames,

32percentwerepatronymics,15percentwereoccupationalnames,and9

percentwereaddednames.

Thefirstcategoryisplacenames.Placenamesusuallyidentifiedwherea

personlivedorworked.SomeonenamedJohnHilllivednearahill,for

example,andtheRiversfamilylivednearariver.IfyouhearthenameEmma

Bridges,whatimagedoyousee?

Doyouseeafamilythatlivesnearabridge?

Ifyoudo,yougettheidea.

Thesecondcategoryispatronymics.That'

sP-A-T-R-O-N-Y-M-I-C-S.A

patronymicisthefather’sname,plusanendinglikeS-E-NorS-O-N.The

endingmeansthatachild,aboy,isthesonofhisfather.ThenamesRobertson,

Petersen,andWilsonarepatronymics.RobertsonissonofRobert,Petersenis

sonofPeter,andsoon.

Thethirdcategoryisaddednames.Linguistssometimescallthiscategory

"

nicknames,"

butwhenmostofusheartheword"

nickname,"

wethinkofa

specialnameafriendoraparentmightuse.Theword"

nickname"

isactually

anoldEnglishwordthatmeansanadditionalname,anaddedname.SoI'

ll

usetheterm"

addedname."

Thiscategoryoflastnamesisfunbecausethe

namesusuallydescribedaperson.Reed,Baldwin,andBiggsareexamples.

Reedwasfrom"

red"

forredhair.Baldwinwassomeonewhowasbald,

someonewhohadlittleornohair.AndBiggs.

STUDENT2:

Someonebig?

Yeah,someonebig,right.Now,ifwelookaroundtheroom,we

couldprobablycomeupwithsomenewlastnames,like,uh.CurlyorStrong.

Now,thefourthcategoryisoccupationalnames.Theoriginofthefamily

namewastheperson'

soccupation.Themostcommonexamplesof

occupationalnamesstillusedtodayareBaker（someonewhobakesbread）.

Tailor（someonewhosewsclothes）.Miller（someonewhomakesflourfor

bread）,andSmith....Now,Smithisactuallythemostcommonnameinthe

westernEnglish-speakingworld.ThenamecomesfromanOldEnglishword,

smite,that'

sS-M-I-T-E,whichmeanstohitorstrike.Intheolddays,asmith

mademetalthingsfordailylife,liketools.Everytownneededsmiths.What'

interestingisthatmanylanguageshaveafamilynamethatmeansSmith.In

ArabicitisHaddad,H-A-D-D-A-D.InSpanishitisHerrera,H-E-R-R-E-R-

A.InItalianitisFerraro,F-E-R-R-A-R-O.AndinGermanitisSchmidt,

spelledS-C-H-M-I-D-T.Allthesenamesmeansmith.

Thoughnamesmaytellussomethingaboutsomeone'

sfamilyhistory,you

needtokeepinmindthattheymaynottellusmuchatallaboutthepresent.

Forexample,there'

susuallynotmuchconnectionbetweentheoriginofthe

nameandthepersonwhohasitnow.TakethenameCook,forinstance.A

personnamedCooktodayprobablydoesn'

tcookforaliving.Also,many

peoplechangetheirnamesforvariousreasons.Lotsofpeoplewhohave

movedtotheUnitedStateshavechangedtheirnamestosoundmoreAmerican.

Thishappenslessnowthaninthepast,butpeoplestilldoit.Peoplealsouse

pennamesorstagenamestogivethemselvesaprofessionaladvantage.For

example,thewriterSamuelClemensusedthepennameMarkTwain,and

ThomasMapotherIVusesthestagenameTomCruisey.

So,let'

srecapnow.Intoday’slesson,welookedathowparentschoose

Englishfirstnames.Wealsolookedatsomecommonoriginsoffamilynames.

Inthenextclass,we'

lllookathownamesaregiveninKoreaandinJapan.

Thisiscoveredinthenextsectionofthebook.That’sallfortoday.

Unit2English:

AGlobalLanguage?

Today’stopicisEnglishasagloballanguage.Iknowmanyof

youspeakEnglishasasecondlanguage,right?

Howaboutyou,Hiroshi?

Is

Englishyourfirstlanguage?

No,myfirstlanguageisJapanese.Englishismysecond

language.

Andhowaboutyou,Patricia?

Englishismysecondlanguage,too.Myfirstlanguageis

Spanish.

See,manyofyouuseEnglishasasecondlanguage,evenasa

globallanguagetocommunicatewithotherpeoplewhospeakEnglishasa

secondlanguage.Today,Iwanttogiveyoutwocontrastingpointsofviewon

whetherornotEnglishisagloballanguage.ThefirstisthatEnglishis

obviouslyagloballanguage.Peoplewhosupportthispointofviewbelieve

Englishisthelanguagepeopleallovertheworldusetocommunicate,and

thatitisgraduallyreplacingotherlanguages.Thesecondpointofviewisthat

Englishisnottrulyagloballanguagebecauseitisnotthemainlanguage

spokenbypeopleworldwide.Supportersofthisviewsaythatthoughmany

peoplespeaksomeEnglishworldwide,Englishhasnotreplacedother

languages.TheyacknowledgethatpeopleuseEnglisheveryday,formany

reasons,butthisdoesn'

tmeanEnglishisreplacingotherlanguages,nordoes

itmakeEnglishthemainlanguagespokenintheworld.

First,let'

sexaminethefirstview.Firstofall,Englishisthedominantlanguage

ofbusiness,travel,andscience.Whenpeopleneedacommonlanguage,they

oftenuseEnglish.Thinkaboutit.Englishisoftenusedattouristinformation

centers,ininternationalhotels.IfyouuseataxiinRome,andyoucan'

tspeak

Italian,thetaxidriverismorelikelytouseEnglishthananyotherlanguages.

Itisuseatbusinessmeetingsandinternationalsportsevents.TheEuropean

UnionusesEnglish,alongwithFrench,atitsmeetings….ASEANtheAsian

tradegroup,usesEnglishatitsmeetings.Canyouthinkofothersituationsin

whichEnglishisusedascommonlanguage?

Howaboutthisclass?

AllofinthePhilippines,Singapore,and

Indian.

Absolutely.Educationalsettingsareagreatexample.Any

others?

Howaboutachatroomonsometimesgotochatroomsand

everyoneisusingEnglish.

Excellentexample.TheInternethascreatedalotof

communitiesandpeopleoftenuseEnglish.Infact,mostpeoplewhousethe

InternetknowEnglish.ThishelpssupporttheviewthatEnglishisaglobal

ThesecondmajorreasonthatpeoplebelieveEnglishisagloballanguageis

thatitistheofficiallanguageofmorethanseventy-fivecountries.Thismeans

thesecountriesuseEnglishinschools,banks,business,andgovernment.Of

theseseventy-fivecountries,Englishmaybetheonlyofficiallanguageofthe

country,likeinEngland,orEnglishmaybeusedalongwithotherofficial

languages,likeinthePhilippines,Singapore,andIndia.IncountrieslikeIndia,

wheresomanylanguagesarespoken,youcanseehowusingEnglishasan

officiallanguagemakesiteasierforpeopletocommunicate.

Thethirdreasontosupporttheglobalargumentisthateveryyearabout1

billionpeoplestudyEnglish.Why?

Whataresomeofthereasons?

Hiroshi?

Howaboutyou?

Well,nowtostudy,andsomedayIwanttobeininternational

business.

That'

sasolidreason.Howaboutyou,Oksana?

STUDENT