高一英语上学期必修12语法总结Word格式文档下载.docx

1、TheoldmansaidthatgreatchangeshadtakenplaceinChina.2）“WangLiniswaitingforyououtsideoftheschoolgate.”LiFangsaidtome.LiFangtoldmethatWangLinwaswaitingformeoutsideoftheschoolgate.【注意1】当转述的是客观事实、科学真理、格言或谚语；重复出现或现在习惯性的动作时，间接引语的时态不变化。.“Failureisthemotherofsuccess.”Theteachersaidtous.Theteachertoldusthatfai

2、lureisthemotherofsuccess.【注意2】当直接引语中的谓语动词含有情态动词must,need,oughtto,hadbetter等，变间接引语时，间接引语中谓语动词的形式不变。Hesaid,“Youhadbetteraskforhelpwhenyouareintrouble.”HesaidthatIhadbetteraskforhelpwhenIwasintrouble.三、人称代词的变化直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中作主语的人称代词或其他物主代词要作相应的变化。一般情况下要遵循以下几条原则：（一）直接引语的主语是第一人称，变为间接引语时，要和主句的主语保持一致。“Ca

3、nIuseyourbikeforamoment?”theboysaidtome.Theboyaskedmewhetherhecouldusemybikeformoment.（二）直接引语的主语是第二人称，变为间接引语时，要和主句的宾语保持一致。TheteacheraskedJoan,“Whyareyoulateagain?”TheteacheraskedJoanwhyhewaslateagain.（三）直接引语的主语是第三人称，变为间接引语时，间接引语中的主语人称不变。Heaskedme,“HowlonghasTeddystayedinChina?HeaskedmehowlongTeddyha

4、sstayedinChina.四、主句谓语动词的变化（一）直接引语是陈述句，谓语动词是say（said）的不变，是saidtosb.常变为toldsb.如：Hesaidtohisfriend,“Iamgladtoseeyou.”Hetoldhisfriendthathewasgladtoseehim.（二）直接引语是特殊疑问句、一般疑问句或选择疑问句，said变为asked;saidtosb.变为askedsb.如：“Howcanyoudothat?”MarysaidtoBetty.MaryaskedBettyhowshecoulddothat.（三）直接引语是祈使句，变间接引语时，谓语动词可

5、根据语气强弱选则beg,advise,ask,tell,order,warn等。如果祈使句是否定句，还需在不定式符号to前加not.如：Isaidtoher,“Pleasepassmeaglassofwater.”Iaskedhertopassmeaglassofwater.（四）直接引语是感叹句，变间接引语时，引述动词常用tell,exclaim或say等。“Howwellhelooks!”Lucysaid.Lucyexclaimedhowwellhelooked.Lucysaidthathelookedwell.五、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和方向性动词的变化（一）指示代词的变化this

6、thatthesethose（二）时间状语的变化nowthenagobefore/earliertodaythatdayyesterdaythedaybeforethismorning/afternoon,etc.thatmorning/afternoon,etc.tomorrowthefollowing/nextdaythedayaftertomorrowintwodaystimethedaybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbefore/earliernextweek/month,etc.thenextweek/month,etc.lastweek/monththeweek/mo

7、nthbefore【注意】如果在当天转述，时间状语也可不变。Mr.Blacksaid,“IvisitedtheGreatWalllastyear.”Mr.BlacksaidthathehadvisitedtheGreatWalllastyear.（三）地点和方向性动词的变化heretherecomego【注意】如果在当地转述，地点状语也可不变。Hesaid,“Iwillcomeherethisevening.”Hesaidthathewouldcomeherethisevening.（同时同地引述）巩固练习：将下列句子变为间接引语或直接引语1.Hesaidtome,“Iwrotealetter

8、tomyparentslastweek.”He_methat_aletterto_parents_.2.“Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest,”mothersaidtoherdaughter.Mother_herdaughterthatthesun_uptheeastand_inthewest.3.“Dontbelateagain,Jim,”saidtheteacher.Theteacher_belateagain.4.“HaveyouseenthefilmHarryPotter?”heasked.Heaskedme_thefilmHarryPotter.

9、5.MrWangaskedthestudentshowtheycouldimprovetheirspokenEnglish.“_improve_spokenEnglish?”MrWangsaidtothestudents.1.toldhehadwrittenhistheweekbefore2.toldrisessets3.toldJimnotto4.ifIhadseen5.Howcanyouyour定语从句一定语从句的定义1.定语从句在从句中起定语作用，修饰句中的某一名词或代词，被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后面.（定语从句有时候还可以修饰一个句子,通常指代一件事情）2.

10、引导从句的关联词叫关系词,关系词分为关系代词和关系副词,他们的作用：（1）引导作用（2）替代（先行词）作用（3）在定语从句中担当某个成分的作用关系代词：who,whom,whose,that,which,as等（在句中作主、表、宾、定等成分）关系副词：where,when,why在从句中作状语e.g.TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom.who引导定语从句并代替先行词theboy在定语从句中充当broke的主语.关系代词（who,whom,which,that,whose）的指代关系及其选择定语从句关系词的选择取决于先行词（被修饰词）在定语从句中的位置、成分。指

11、人指物在定语从句中的作用Who主语宾语WhomWhichthatwhose定语（whose和它所修饰的名词在从句中可以充当主语或宾语）关系副词（1）why先行词是表示原因的名词（reason）,关系词在从句中做原因状语表示原因（2）where先行词是表示地点的名词,关系词在从句中做地点状语表示地点（3）when先行词是表示时间的名词,关系词在从句中做时间状语表示时间e.g.Thatisthereasonwhyhewaslate.ThisistheschoolwhereIhavestudiedforthreeyears.IwillalwaysrememberthedaywhenIsawyou.3

12、.定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确,它对主句起到限制作用。非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它对主句起进行补充说明，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。如果先行词是专有名词或独一无二的事物，我们一般要用非限制定语从句。e.g.Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.（限制性）Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.（非限制性）二注意事项：1.只能用which不能用that的情况:引导非限制性定语从句先行词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前

13、置,即当关系词紧跟在介词后面时,e.g.ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunlived.=Thisisthehousewhich/thatLuXunlivedin.2.只能用whom不能用who的情况:先行词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置,如e.g.TomistheboywithwhomIhavetalkedwith.=Tomistheboywho/whomIhavetalkedwith.3.关系代词必须用that的情形：当先行词被形容词的最高级所修饰e.g.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.当先行词被序数词修饰e.g.Thefirstcar

14、thatarrivedatthedestinationwasdrivenbyJohn.当先行词被theonly,thevery等修饰e.g.ThisistheonlyticketthatIgotyesterday.ThisistheverybookthatImlookingfor.先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little（少量,一些）,much等修饰时：e.g.Ivereadallthebooks（that）yougaveme.当先行词为all,much,little（少量,一些）,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothi

15、ng等不定代词时，或者是在therebe句型中.e.g.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?Allthatyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.Thereisnotimethatwecanwaste.当先行词既指人又指物时e.g.Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.当关系代词在从句中作表语时：e.g.Maryisnolongerthegirl（that）sheusedtobe.4.定语从句中如果先行词是theway,关系词常用inwhich,that或省略5.关系代词和关系副词及

16、其容易混用的情况1.Thisisthefactory_Ionceworked.where2.Thisisthefactory_Ivevisited.that/which3.Theday_IalwaysrememberisOct.1.that/which4.Theday_NanjingwasliberatedisSep.11.when5.Thereason_hehasntcomeisthathehasbeenill.why6.Dontbelievethereason_hegiveyou.that【注意】当表示时间,地点,原因的名词,day,time,place,factory,reason等作先

17、行词，在定语从句中作状语时，用when,where,why；在从句中作主语或宾语时，就用that或which.三.介词+关系代词的情况当我们在用带有介词的定语从句时，我们有两种选择，介词放在关系代词前或者是放在定语从句中。1）Thewomanwho/whomSpielbergismarriedtoisanactress.ThewomantowhomSpielbergismarriedisanactress.2）ThepaintingatwhichIlookedwaspaintedbyVincentvanGogh.ThepaintingwhichIlookedatwaspaintedbyVinc

18、entvanGogh.那么如何选择介词呢：1）.介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性的搭配.e.g.Thefarm_Ionceworkedhastakenonanewlook.onwhich2）.介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性的搭配e.g.Whoistheman_ourteacherisshakinghands?withwhom3）.介词与从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的搭配e.g.Oursisabeautifulcountry,_wearegreatlyproud.ofwhich4）.表示“所有格”或“整体中的部分”时，用介词ofe.g.Thereareoveronethousandwork

19、ersinthefactory,80percent_arewomen.ofwhom练习1：关系副词或者是介词+关系代词填空1）Inthedarkstreet,therewasntasingleperson_shecouldturnforhelp.2）Whenyoureadthebook,youdbettermakeamark_youhaveanyquestions.3）Barcelonaisthecity_the25thSummerOlympicwereheld.1.towhom（turntosb.forhelp向某人求助）2.where3.where/inwhich练习2:用介词+关系代词填

20、空1.Doyoulikethebookshespent$10?2.Doyoulikethebook_shepaid$10?3.Doyoulikethebookshelearnedalot?4.Doyoulikethebooksheoftentalks?5.Hebuiltatelescope（望远镜）hecouldstudytheskies.6.Thereisatalltreeoutside,_standsourteacher.7.Chinahasalotofrivers,thesecondlongest_istheYellowRiver.8.Thetower_peoplecanhaveagoo

21、dviewisonthehill.9.Theman_Ispokeonthephonelastnightisverygoodatwrestling.10.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,most_hadntbeencleanedforatleastayear.1onwhich2forwhich3fromwhich4aboutwhich5throughwhich6.underwhich7.ofwhich8.fromwhich9.towhom10.ofwhich四as引导的非限制性定语从句比较并发现：Theearthisround._isknowntoall.

22、ItTheearthisround,_isknowntoall.which/as_isknowntoall,theearthisround。As_isknowntoallthattheearthisround.It【注意】as具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的，如：asyouknow/asyousee/asweplanned/asweexpectedThisisthesamepenasIlost.这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。ThisisthesamepenthatIlost.这本书就是我丢的那本。【注意】thesameas表示相似事物，thesamethat表示同一事物Thisissuc

23、haninterestingbook_wealllike.asThisissointerestingabook_wealllike.as这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。（定语从句）Thisissuchaninterestingbook_wealllikeit.thatThisissointerestingabook_wealllikeit.that这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。（结果状语从句）【注意】such（so）as引导定语从句，such（so）that引导结果状语从句被动语态与主动语态一语态概述英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的

24、承受者，即行为动作的对象。e.g.Heopenedthedoor.他开了门。（主动句）Thedoorwasopened.门被开了。（被动句）二被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。1.一般将来时的被动语态will/shall/beto/begoingto+bedone2.现在完成时的被动语态has/havebeendone3.现在进行时的被动语态be+beingdone歌诀是：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。三、被动语态的用法（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。e.g.Somenewcomputerswerest

25、olenlastnight.（2）强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。e.g.ThewindowwasbrokenbyMike.窗户是迈克打破的。四、主动语态变被动语态的方法（1）把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。（2）把谓语变成被动结构（be过去分词）（根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式）。（3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。e.g.Ihavefinishedthehomework.Thehomeworkhasbeenfinishedbyme.宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。一单项选择：1.（）Ifthewo

26、rk_,youcangoandplaygames.A.finishedB.hasfinishedC.willbefinishedD.isfinished2.（）Itwasrainingheavilyoutside,thechildrenweremade_intheclassroom.A.stayB.tostayC.stayingD.stayed3.（）Kate_theletterbeforehermothercameintoherbedroom.A.haswrittenB.waswrittenC.hadwrittenD.iswriting4.（）Tomakeourcitymorebeautif

27、ul,rubbish_intotheriver.A.needntbethrownB.mustntbethrownC.cantthrowD.maynotthrow5.（）Ilikemybike.It_verywell.A.ridesB.isridingC.isriddenD.hasridden6.（）IwontcometothepartyunlessTom_,too.YoumeanifTomcomes,youllcome.A.willinviteB.invitesC.invitedD.isinvited7.（）EveryonewhoheardMr.Greensstory_it.A.laughedatB.waslaughedC.laughedD.waslaughedat8.（）Thechildrenmust_.A.lookafterB.betakengoodcareC.lookthesameD.be