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1、Passage 1: The dinosaurs footprints and extinction，恐龙的足迹与灭绝Passage 2: Tackling Hunger in Msekeni，粮食与教育Passage 3: group behavior，集体行为四、篇章分析：Passage 1：文章内容各段概括：人们认为恐龙的灭绝是因为陨石，而有一个科学家认为恐龙的繁荣也是由于陨石。恐龙比人们认为的要小。恐龙的足迹并不能够用来精确的辨别出不同的物种。在岛屿上的蜥蜴生长的体型很大，因为没有竞争生物。陨石坑在海里很难发现，因为板块发生了漂移。题型分布与答案参考TFNG1 Dr Paul Olse

2、n and his colleagues believe that asteroid knock may also lead to dinosaurs boom.2 Books and movie like Jurassic Park often exaggerate the size of the dinosaurs.3 Dinosaur footprints are more adequate than dinosaur skeletons.4 The prints were chosen by Dr Olsen to study because they are more detecta

3、ble than earth magnetic field to track a date of geological precise within thousands years.5 Ichnotaxa showed that footprints of dinosaurs offer exact information of the trace left by an individual species.6 We can find more Iridium in the earths surface than in meteorites.Fill in the blankDr Olsen

4、and his colleagues applied a phenomenon named 7 to explain the large size of the Eubrontes, which is a similar case to that nowadays reptiles invade a place where there are no 8 ; for example, on an island called Komodo, indigenous huge lizards grow so big that people even regarding them as 9 Howeve

5、r, there were no old impact trace being found? The answer may be that we have 10 the evidence. Old craters are difficult to spot or it probably 11 due to the effect of the earth moving. Even a crater formed in Ocean had been 12 under the impact of crust movement. Beside, the third hypothesis is that

6、 the potential evidences - some craters may be 13相关拓展The dinosaurs footprints and extinctionEVERYBODY knows that the dinosaurs were killed by an asteroid. Something big hit the earth 65 million years ago and, when the dust had fallen, so had the great reptiles. There is thus a nice, if ironic, symme

7、try in the idea that a similar impact brought about the dinosaurs rise. That is the thesis proposed by Paul Olsen, of Columbia University, and his colleagues in this weeks Science.Dinosaurs first appear in the fossil record 230m years ago, during the Triassic period. But they were mostly small, and

8、they shared the earth with lots of other sorts of reptile. It was in the subsequent Jurassic, which began 202million years ago, that they overran the planet and turned into the monsters depicted in the book and movie “Jurassic Park”. （Actually, though, the dinosaurs that appeared on screen were from

9、 the still more recent Cretaceous （白垩纪）period.） Dr Olsen and his colleagues are not the first to suggest that the dinosaurs inherited the earth as the result of an asteroid strike. But they are the first to show that the takeover did, indeed, happen in a geological eyeblink.Dinosaur skeletons are ra

10、re. Dinosaur footprints are, however, surprisingly abundant. And the sizes of the prints are beasts as are as good an indication of the sizes of the beats as are the skeletons themselves. Dr Olsen and his colleagues therefore concentrated on prints, not bones.The prints in question were made in east

11、ern North America, a part of the world then full of rift valleys similar to those in East Africa today. Like the modern African rift valleys, the Triassic （n.三叠纪）/Jurassic American ones contained lakes, and these lakes grew and shrank at regular intervals because of climatic changes caused by period

12、ic shifts in the earths orbit. （A similar phenomenon is responsible for modern ice ages.） That regularity, combined with reversals in the earths magnetic field, which are detectable in the tiny fields of certain magnetic minerals, means that rocks from this place and period can be dated to within a

13、few thousand years. As a bonus, squishy （adj.粘糊糊的）lake-edge sediments are just the things for recording the tracks of passing animals. By dividing the labour between themselves, the ten authors of the paper were able to study such tracks at 80 sites.The researchers looked at 18 so-called ichnotaxa （

14、群落）. These are recognisable types of footprint that cannot be matched precisely with the species of animal that left them. But they can be matched with a general sort of animal, and thus act as an indicator of the fate of that group, even when there are no bones to tell the story. Five of the ichnot

15、axa disappear before the end of the Triassic, and four march confidently across the boundary into the Jurassic. Six, however, vanish at the boundary, or only just splutter across it; and three appear from nowhere, almost as soon as the Jurassic begins.That boundary itself is suggestive. The first ge

16、ological indication of the impact that killed the dinosaurs was an unusually high level of iridium in rocks at the end of the Cretaceous, when the beasts disappear from the fossil record. Iridium is normally rare at the earths surface, but it is more abundant in meteorites. When people began to beli

17、eve the impact theory, they started looking for other Cretaceous-end anomalies. One that turned up was a surprising abundance of fern spores in rocks just above the boundary layera phenomenon known as a “fern spike”. （n.蕨类）That matched the theory nicely. Many modern ferns are opportunists. They cann

18、ot compete against plants with leaves, but if a piece of land is cleared by, say, a volcanic eruption, they are often the first things to set up shop there. An asteroid strike would have scoured much of the earth of its vegetable cover, and provided a paradise for ferns. A fern spike in the rocks is

19、 thus a good indication that something terrible has happened. Both an iridium anomaly and a fern spike appear in rocks at the end of the Triassic, too. That accounts for the disappearing ichnotaxa：the creatures that made them did not survive the holocaust. The surprise is how rapidly the new ichnota

20、xa appear. Dr Olsen and his colleagues suggest that the explanation for this rapid increase in size may be a phenomenon called ecological release. This is seen today when reptiles （which, in modern times, tend to be small creatures） reach islands where they face no competitors. The most spectacular

21、example is on the Indonesian island of Komodo, where local lizards have grown so large that they are often referred to as dragons. The dinosaurs, in other words, could flourish only when the competition had been knocked out. That leaves the question of where the impact happened. No large hole in the

22、 earths crust seems to be 202m years old. It may, of course, have been overlooked. Old craters are eroded and buried, and not always easy to find. Alternatively, it may have vanished. Although continental crust is more or less permanent, the ocean floor is constantly recycled by the tectonic process

23、es that bring about continental drift. There is no ocean floor left that is more than 200m years old, so a crater that formed in the ocean would have been swallowed up by now. There is a third possibility, however. This is that the crater is known, but has been misdated. The Manicouagan structure, a

24、 crater in Quebec, is thought to be 214m years old. It is hugesome 100km acrossand seems to be the largest of between three and five craters that formed within a few hours of each other as the lumps of a disintegrated comet hit the earth one by one.Passage 2：文章介绍了马拉维一个城市长期以来的学生入学率不高的问题被一个免费的上学就有午餐吃的

25、项目给解决了。List of Headingsi Why better food helps students learningii Becoming the headmaster of Msekeniiii Surprising use of school premises iv Global perspectivev Why students were undernourishedvi Surprising academic outcomevii An innovative program to help girlsviii How food program is operatedix H

26、ow food program affects school attendance x None of the usual reasons14 Paragraph A15 Paragraph B 16 paragraph C17 Paragraph D18 Paragraph E19 Paragraph F20 Paragraph GQuestions 21-24Complete the sentences below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS/OR A NUMBER from the passage.Write your answers in boxes 21

27、-24 on your answer sheet.21 In Kumandas school_ are given to girls after the end of the school day.22 Many children from poor families were sent to collect_ from the field.23 Thanks to the free food program,_ of students passed the test.24 The modern human is _ bigger than before after the industria

28、l revolu-tion.Questions 25-26Choose TWO letters, A-F.Write the correct letters in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet. Which TWO of the following statements are true?A Some children are taught in the open air.B Bernard Kumanda became the headmaster in 1991.C No new staffs were recruited when attend

29、ance rose.D Girls are often treated equally with boys in Malawi.E Scientists have devised ways to detect the most underfed students in school.F WHO is worried about malnutrition among kids in developing countries.A There are not enough classrooms at the Msekeni primary school, so half the lessons ta

30、ke place in the shade of yellow-blossomed acacia trees. Given this shortage, it might seem odd that one of the schools purpose-built classrooms has been emptied of pupils and turned into a storeroom for sacks of grain. But it makes sense. Food matters more than shelter.B Msekeni is in one of the poo

31、rer parts of Malawi, a landlocked southern African country of exceptional beauty and great poverty. No war lays waste Malawi, nor is the land unusually crowded or infertile, but Malawians still have trouble finding enough to eat. Half of the children under five are underfed to the point of stunting. Hunger blights most aspects of Malawian life, so the country is as good a place as any to investigate how nutrition affects develop