1、希望以上的观点对于同学们今后的英语学习有所帮助。句 子 成 分概述英语在其长期发展过程中形成了一种相对固定的句子结构:“主语+谓语”,这与汉语是相似的。“主语”是句子的话题,是信息传递的出发点;“谓语”是对话题所作的说明,是说话人说要传递的信息。试观察下列句子:主语 谓语I am a Chinese boy.Mary has two best friendsSeeing is believing .To do is harder than to say.We wish you success!从上述例子可以看出,作为句子的话题,主语通常是一些事物性或实体性的词,否则,主语便不能成为句子的话题,
2、不能成为信息传递的出发点。所以,主语通常是个名词、名词词组、或者相当于名词(词组)的语法结构。而谓语是对主语所做的说明,它指出主语所表示的事物或概念是或不是什么,有或没有什么,要或不要什么,做了或未作什么等等。因此,谓语通常是述说性的,他能说明情况,表达意愿,评判美丑,分辨是非。所以,谓语通常由动词或动词词组来担任,而且谓语部分在结构上通常要比主语长一些或者更复杂一些。英语句子的谓语是动词性的,这就是说,谓语是以动词为中心的。而在汉语中,谓语有的是: 动词性的,如:“我去北京。猫吃老鼠”;但也有: 名词性的,如:“那张桌子四条腿。今天星期一。”如果硬说“有三条腿、是星期一”,在汉语中反倒不自然
3、。可是,倘用英语来表达这些句子,则必须有个动词;在汉语中还有: 形容词性谓语,就是直接拿形容词作谓语,不带任何动词,如:“那孩子聪明。那件事危险。”,就用不着动词。但诸如此类的句子用英语去表达,可千万别忘了动词。“The boy is clever. That matter is dangerous.”由此可见,在汉语中,名词和形容词都可以独立作谓语,但在英语中却不可以。下面我们就从主语和谓语入手详细剖析英语的句子成分。句子成分的定义:组成一个句子的各个部分,叫做句子成分。包括:主语、谓语(宾语、表语)、以及用于修饰句中名词和代词的定语、修饰句中动词、形容词和副词的状语。主语和谓语构成句子的骨
4、架,而定语和状语则是修饰骨架的血肉,是修饰语。句子成分主要由实词担任。实词包括:名次、动词、代词、形容词、副词和数词。虚词在句中只起连接、限定或表达喜怒哀乐感情等作用,不做句子成分。虚词包括:介词、连词、冠词和感叹词等。 一 、主语主语相当于句子的话题或主题,即要说明的人或物。主语一般位于句首,且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里,如:疑问句倒装句祈使句感叹句等,句子主语也可以位于谓语动词之后或省略。【想一想】哪些词类或短语可以用作主语?(答:能用来做主语的有:名词、代词、数词、动名词或动名词短语、动词不定式或动词不定式短语、主语从句等。)名词(或名词词组)My penisgreen. (单数可数
5、名词)Jane is an American girl. (专有名词)、代词I am a student. (主格人称代词)Her pen is blue, and mine is red.(名词性物主代词)These are my books. (指示代词)Who is not here today? (疑问代词)Nothing was wrong with his eyes. (不定代词)、数词Two and one is three. (基数词) The second was a tall man. (序数词)、动名词Eating too much is bad for your hea
6、lth. (动名词)Playing games is much better than staying at home. (动名词短语)、形容词The rich are not always happy.(少数形容词前边加the 相当于名词)、动词不定式To see is to believe.(动词不定式)It will take you 2 hours to get to the station.(it作形式主语,动词不定式短语作真正主语)、主语从句(仅作了解)What the teacher said yesterday is important. 几个常见加the后可以名词化的形容词是
7、:poor, rich, young, old,happy,blind, beautiful等。 主语和谓语的顺序有两种:(1)自然顺序,即主语在前,谓语在后;(2)倒装语序,即谓语或谓语的一部分在前, 主语位于其后。例如: Are you a student?Do you like English songs?What do you speak?There is a bird in the tree. (there be 句型) Here is your pen. (以副词here/there开头的句子习惯上主谓倒装)There stands a policeman.二 、谓语句子中用来说明
8、主语的动作或存在的状态的部分,叫谓语。谓语一般位于主语之后,谓语中最重要的部分是谓语动词,它有时态、语态和语气的变化,并受主语人称和数的影响;既然谓语是以动词为中心的,那么,我们研究谓语就从动词入手。(附:动词)(一)、动词的意义:表示动作或状态。(二)、动词的用法:1、作谓语动词;2、可以有自己的状语;3、及物动词有自己的宾语。(三)、动词的分类:1、行为动词(或实义动词,v.),占动词数量的绝大多数,具有明确的动作意义,行为动词分为不及物动词和及物动词,不及物动词本身词义完整,可以独立作谓语,及物动词本身词义不完整,必须后跟宾语共同作谓语;2、连系动词(link v.),起连接主语和表语的
9、作用,本身有一定的词义,但是较弱,它和实意动词一样有时态和语态的变化,也受主语的人称和数的影响。连系动词可分为两大类:1)表示存在的连系动词,如:be,keep,look, smell, taste, sound, feel, remain(仍是,保持), seem(好像),lie(处于),appear(呈现)等; 2)表示变化、形成的连系动词,如:become, get, turn, fall(变成),come(实现),grow(变成)等。3、助动词(aux v.),用以帮助行为动词和联系动词,构成各种时态、语态、语气,或构成疑问、否定、强调等句子结构;常见的助动词有:be, do, hav
10、e, will ( shall )。助动词一般无词义,不能单独作谓语,只能和行为动词或联系动词共同作谓语动词。注意:上述四个助动词都兼有另外的动词类别,在不同的语境中扮演着不同的角色: be a、助动词,帮助动词的现在分词构成进行时;帮助动词的过去分词构成被动语态; We are running on the playground. The flowers are often watered by me. b、联系动词,表示存在,和它的表语共同构成谓语。 We are ready for the exam. I am in Beijing now. do a、助动词,帮助行为动词构成否定句、疑
11、问句、或对行为动词加以强调。 I dont know the man. I do believe my answer is right. b、行为动词,“做”,例如:do shopping , do homework , do sports 等等。 have a、助动词,帮助动词的过去分词构成完成时。. b、行为动词,“有”、“让(做),使(做)”。 I have a new MP4. / I have had my hair cut. will a、助动词,帮助行为动词构成将来时。 He will visit China next year. b、情态动词,表示意愿。 ill you ple
12、ase? Sorry, I wont.、情态动词 情态动词又被称作情态助动词,有一定的词义,主要用来表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度或看法,表示能力、允许、请求、必要、可能、需要等。初中阶段出现的情态动词有:can / could, may/might, must, shall/should,由此可见,行为动词、联系动词是谓语动词的核心,助动词和情态动词在谓语动词中起辅助作用(帮助构成各种时态、语态、语气、疑问、否定和强调)。因此,行为动词和联系动词决定着谓语的形式,从而演变出了简单句的五种基本句型( 、 ):、当谓语动词是联系动词时,谓语的形式是:联系动词表语,所构成的简单句的基本句型是:“
13、主语联系动词表语”,即“主系表”结构。、当谓语动词是行为动词时,又分为以下四种情况:()、当谓语动词是不及物动词时,其后没有宾语,独自构成谓语,所构成的简单句的基本句型是:“主语不及物动词”。即“主谓”结构。()、当谓语动词是及物动词时,其后必须跟宾语,及物动词和其宾语一起构成谓语。根据所跟宾语的形式(单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语),又构成了三种简单句的基本句型:“主语及物动词宾语”,即“主谓宾”结构。“主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语”,即“主谓双宾语”结构。“主语及物动词宾语宾语补足语”,宾语和宾语补足语称作复合宾语,所以称作“主谓复合宾语”结构。下面就针对谓语中所包含的表语和宾语进行阐述:、表语
14、表语在句中用来说明主语的身份、性质、特征、状态、职业、内容、数量、(动作)方向或处所等。表语一般位于连系动词之后,二者共同构成谓语。可以担任表语的有:名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、动名词、数词以及从句(表语从句)等。()、名词Mr. Black is a worker. (名词,表示身份。Ann is an American girl.Five years later, he turned an engineer.()、形容词Those flowers are nice.(形容词,表示性质或特征。I felt sorry for them. (形容词,表示状态。We must keep
15、 healthy. (连系动词keep形容词作表语)This book looks new.The baby falls asleep.(连系动词fall表语形容词作表语)()、代词 Who is it? (疑问代词,表示身份。 Its me. (代词宾格,表示身份。These are something new. (不定代词,表示内容。The man in the picture is himself. (反身代词,表示身份。The right answer is that. (指示代词,表示内容。()、动词不定式To see is to believe. (动词不定式,表示内容。My ai
16、m is to become a doctor.(系动词be不定式作表语,表示内容。()、动名词Seeing is believing. (动名词,表示内容。) My job is teaching English. (动名词短语,表示内容。()、介词短语Mike is from England. (表示动作方向)Your book is on the desk. (表示处所。()、副词 Is Bill in? (此处的in是副词:“在家”,表示处所。 No, he is out. (此处的out是副词:“在外面”,表示处所。()、数词The telephone number is 33321
17、17. (基数词,表示内容。Three minus two is one. (基数词,表示内容。Who is first in the high jump? (序数词独立作表语时前面不加the)He is always the first to come. (to come 作 first 的定语,前面加the 。()、表语从句Thats why I want to stay here. (表语从句,表示内容。、宾语句子中,表示谓语动词动作对象的成分叫宾语,宾语是动作的承受着。英语中,及物动词(或相当于及物动词的短语动词)、介词后须带宾语,少数形容词后也可以带宾语。可以担任宾语的有:名词、代词
18、、数词、动词不定式(短语)、动名词、名词化的形容词以及从句(宾语从句)等。I am reading a book. 名词作动词read的宾语。Im going to Beijing with my father. (名词作介词with的宾语。We couldnt finish the work without his help. (同上)In the past, many parents couldnt afford education for their children. ()、代词Yesterday, Tom mother looked after him at home.(代词宾格hi
19、m作短语动词look after的宾语。Please look it up in the dictionary. (代词宾格it 作短语动词look up的宾语)I have something to tell you.(不定代词短语作动词have的宾语)What would you like? (疑问代词作动词like的宾语。Yesterday my father bought me a new bike. (分别作动词bought的间接宾语和直接宾语)We got lost and couldnt find each other. (反身代词)()、数词Give me three, ple
20、ase! (数词作直接宾语。()、动词不定式(短语)like to play basketball. (作动词的宾语。Glad to meet you. (作形容词的宾语。Nice to see you again!(同上)Im sorry to trouble you. (同上)I think it impossible to climb the mountain. (it作形式宾语,动词不定式短语作真正宾语。I dont want to there again.I really like/hate to go shopping.()、动名词(短语)I enjoy listening to
21、music very much. (作动词的宾语)Nice meeting you here today! (作形容词nice的宾语)()、形容词We must help the poor. (作动词的宾语)The new always takes place of the old. (作介词of的宾语)()、宾语从句He knows who is right. (作动词的宾语)I want to know what color is her favorite. (作动词不定式to know 宾语)Im sure that shell come soon.(作形容词sure的宾语)Im thi
22、nking of where I should go during the vacation. (作介词of的宾语)poor, rich, young, old,happy, blind, beautiful等。宾语从句应特别注意的三要素是:时态、语序、连接词。少数能跟宾语的形容词有:happy, glad, nice, sure, certain, surprised, pleased, aware, afraid, proud, sorry, worried, ashamed等。直接宾语和间接宾语:英语中,一些及物动词如:give, pass, show, send, bring, tel
23、l, teach, buy, lend等,可以带两个宾语。一个指人,叫间接宾语;一个指物,叫直接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如果放在其后,则间接宾语前一般加介词to,以表示动作对准谁;或加介词for,以表示动作为谁做。He gave me an interesting book.He give an interesting book to me.Please bring me some snacks.Please bring some snacks to me.Mother told me a story last night.Mother told a story to me la
24、st night.My uncle often teaches me English songs.My uncle often teaches English songs to me.Jim bought me a beautiful present.Jim bought a beautiful present for me. 如果直接宾语是代词,则必须放在间接宾语之前,并且在二者之间加上介词to或for。Give it to me, Lily. 不能说 Give me it, Lily.There two pencils on the desk, pass them to me. 不能说 p
25、ass me them.复合宾语英语中,一些及物动词的宾语须在其后加上一个补足语,对其进一步作补充说明,意思才够完整和明确,该补足语即叫宾语补足语。宾语和其补足语一起构成复合宾语,二者之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。能担任宾语补足语的有:名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式和分词(现在分词、过去分词)。We must keep our classroom clean. (形容词,Classroom和clean之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,即:Our classroom is clean.)We call the bird “Polly”.(名词)(the bird和Polly之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关
26、系,即:The bird is Polly.)Our teacher told us to do Exercise One. (动词不定式短语)(us 的主格we 和to do Exercise One之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,即:We should do Exercise One.)She always thinks others above herself. (介词短语)(Others is always above herself.)I brought my dog here. (副词,My dog was here.)I saw Jack playing under a tree. (现在分词短语,Jack was playing under a tree.)In one place I saw children working for a cruel boss.常见的可带复合宾语的动词有:call, find, believe, think, see, feel, make, keep, hear, name, tell, ask, want, invite, let, make, have等。因此我们常用到以下短语:ask( tell
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