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1、s physiological status as male or femaleGender identity: a continuous and persistent sense of oneself as a male or a femaleGender role or sex role: the behaviours, attitudes, values, beliefs and so on that a particular cultural group considers appropriate for males and females on the basis of their

2、biological sexGender role identity: ones understanding and acceptance of gender rolesGender or sex role behaviour: what peoples behaviours are actually likeGender or sex role stereotype: the socially determined model which contains the cultural beliefs about what the gender roles should be2. Contrac

3、eptionfamily planningbirth controlControlling the introduction by birth of a new member into a family and into a community in which that family lives, is an emotional and controversial issue in many societies. On the one hand, the birth of a child may represent the joy of a new member to carry on a

4、familys tradition, a nations mission, or a religions message. On the other hand, the birth of a child may represent one more mouth to feed and one more body to clothe from an already limited supply. So family planningbirth controlpermits scheduling new members to arrive at optimum times and under op

5、timum conditions. Reliable mechanical and chemical methods for preventing conception have become widely available. With effective birth-control devices, medicines and methods available, the chances of becoming pregnant accidentally have been reduced, and the possible harm done to womens health was g

6、reatly diminished.3. Bottle-feeding If one wants to know something about bottle-feeding, it is necessary to talk about breast-feeding on the first place. Breast-feeding was the normal source of nutrition for babies until the Industrial Revolution, when women left their homes to work in factories, sp

7、arking a need for an alternative method. The baby bottle was generally available by the end of 19th century, but was widely used only by the poor until World War II, when it became fashionable among the middle class. A controversy about which methodbottle or breastwas preferable continued from the 1

8、940s until the beginning of the 1980s, when the American Academy of Pediatrics came out strongly in favor of breast-feeding. For decades, many physicians who believed breast-feeding benefited the baby had not urged the methods use. They felt the method presented the new mother with too many difficul

9、ties. The growth of the natural child birth movement among women self-educated about birth issues, combined with research into the values for the baby of breast milk, led to a shift among mothers and professionals in favor of breast-feeding. According to statistics, as many as 95 percent of the wome

10、n who give birth is potentially able to breast-feed. The fact that many do not is related to their own level of education, to lack of encouragement by health professionals, and to persistent myths about breast-feeding. Today women with higher levels of education are more likely to choose breast-feed

11、ing. In hospitals where staff support breast-feeding, as many as 80 percent of the new mothers are likely to breast-feed. In China, many major hospitals have launched a drive for breast-feeding, the influences of breast-feeding education widespread and far-reaching. Despite the efforts, many working

12、 women are still forced to choose bottle-feeding, which may be the reflection of their dilemma.4. Day care The oldest day-care center in North America, the Leila Day Nursery, started in 1878 in New Haven, Connecticut. In Lowell, Massachusettsthe site of the second-oldest day nursery, founded in 1885

13、. Nurseries flourished in the last quarter of the 19th century in response to new employment opportunities brought about by industrial inventions. Generally, the nurseries began in mill or factory cities. The nursery founders tended to be wealthy and influential men and women motivated by Victorian

14、interest in charity and good works. Aside form informal arrangements made with friends, relatives, or neighbors to care for a child, child day care comes in two forms: center-based child care and family day care. Center-based child care refers to day-care facilities, nursery schools, etc. Family day

15、 care, by contrast, is in a home setting, with one to six children under the care of a “provider.” In the United States, women with preschool children are the fastest-growing segment of the labor force. Although many women may enjoy their jobs, the most majority with small children work because thei

16、r income is needed to support their families. Some experts predict that by 2003, 75 percent mothers with young children will work outside the home. Recognizing that allaying their employees fears about their children enhanced worker productivity and made the company a more desirable place to work, m

17、any companies were involved in some form of day care arrangements. Some child-care experts point out that day care is good for children if the quality of the day-care staff is good. Most parents are paying as much as they can afford for day care. For U.S. working families in the last quarter of the

18、20th century, child care has become their fourth largest expenditure after food, housing, and taxes. Nearly half of all American families rely on care purchased in center-based child care or in family day-care homes. Families with two children may be paying as much as $10,000 per year. IntroductionM

19、any English learners in China may have difficulties distinguishing “sex” from “gender.” So, to introduce the topic, a basic definition, if it can be regarded as a definition, was given at the very beginning of the text. People tend to think that gender roles are natural and stereotyped （para.1）. Dif

20、ferent people can play different parts in a certain social group. The roles may be assigned to them on the basis of their sex, their position in the family, their economic and social status, or their age. The author approaches gender roles through a cross-cultural and comparative analysis by providi

21、ng a case study by Mead （para.2） and emphasizes her conclusion that gender roles are culturally patterned （para.3）. Besides, there are many important social influences that help shape our gender identities. According to D. Kim Openshaw from the Department of Family and Human Development, they are pa

22、rents and peers, media （gender and the body in mass media, gender and age in the media）, ethnicity, the school and religion, among which influences from the school and the family are given greater emphasis in the text （para.4, 5, 6 and 7）. In the past, only exceptional women, such as former slave Ha

23、rriet Tubman, who fought with Northern troops and led many slaves to freedom during the American Civil War, broke away from traditional womens roles. Despite many efforts, even until today the unfavorable situation for women is still too hard to change because of many biological or social or cultura

24、l reasons. And more importantly, what we need to do is not to think of some ways to change but to understand how or why it is so patterned （para.8, 9）. Language Points1. biological （para.1）: connected with biology; of, relating to, caused by, or affecting life or living organisms; related by blood r

25、ather than by adoptione.g. The biological cycle of a plant is affected by light and heat. Your biological clock is your bodys natural habit of sleeping, eating, growing, etc. An adopted child may want to find out about its biological parents.2. gender （para.1）: sexual identity, especially in relatio

26、n to society or culture; the fact of being male or femalee.g. Discrimination on grounds of race, gender, age or disability is forbidden. I thinks both genders are equally capable of looking after children.3. masculine （para.1）: of or relating to men or boys; having the qualities or appearance tradit

27、ionally thought to be typical of mene.g. The opera singer has a deep, booming, masculine voice. It was a movie likely to appeal to a masculine audience.4. feminine （para.1）: of or relating to women or girls; having the qualities or appearance traditionally thought to be typical of womene.g. Society

28、hasnt regarded science and engineering as feminine occupations. People would be much better balanced if we could bring out the masculine side ofwomen and the feminine side of men.5. initiate （para.1）: set going by taking the first step; cause to begin; put （a scheme, etc） into operatione.g. Our chur

29、ch initiated a project to send relief aid overseas. This initiated a further reorganization of the company.6. altruistic （para.1）: unselfish; willing to do things which benefit other people, even if it results in disadvantagee.g. I doubt whether her motives for donating the money are altruisticshes

30、probably looking for publicity. He was no more altruistic than the other Senators.7. associate sb / sth with （para.1）: make a connection in ones mind between one thing or person and anothere.g. We naturally associate the name of Darwin with the doctrine of evolution. Ive never associated you with this place. People usually associate Japan with high tech consumer products.8. distort （para.1）: give a false or misleading account of; misrepresente.g. The journalist was