Introduction to LinguisticsWord文件下载.docx

1、 Dream in sign language Slips of the tongue （hands）90% are born to hearing parents or become deaf before acquiring language- many receive delayed language exposure the earlier the betterSapir- Whorf Linguistic determinism Linguistic relativism （weaker）Euphemisms Crippled- handicapped disabled challe

2、nged differently abledAll languages have slang, euphemisms and taboo words2. Brain and LanguageTip of the tongue phenomenonCritical Age Hypothesis- biologically based- time based birth to middle childhoodA six year old 13,000 wordsAn eighteen year old 60,000 wordsBloody, blooming, buggerASL SVO But

3、adjectives follow the head noun Grammar eat, eating （sign for eat repeated twice） Topicalization dogs, Ive rescued many Raise eyebrows and tilt head back intonation Spelling GhotiTough, women, nationASL phonetics configuration over 30 hand shapes Movement away, towards, up, etc. Location of handBabi

4、es respond to language sucking （drinking milk） increases when hear human voices.Japanese babies can distinguish /r/ and /l/ until six months of age but not after unless exposed to speakers of other languages like EnglishRoughly six months babbling mama, gaga, dada, baba （95%）1 year sounds of native

5、languageHearing babies limited gesturesDeaf babies many gestures babblingNext stage one word sentences （holophrastic） down Also, usually monosyllabic words consonant/vowelBaby Sign Damaris- less frustration and less crying? （theory）Babies overextend meanings of words （up, dog）Babies limit meanings o

6、f word （dog to the family dog）Telegraphic stage I go.I/you errors are commonBabies who use sign language make the same mistakes.“Help you” instead of “Help me”I always say, “Let me help you.”Braeden, “Dada, help you.”Hearing children of deaf parents acquire both languages equally Quebec Sign Languag

7、e （LSQ） studies.Deaf children born to hearing parents develop their own gestures instinctComplete with grammar and rules “home signs”But not a fully developed languageCodeswitching L2 critical age?3-8 like a native speaker8-15- not- every year makes a difference in the level of proficiency- this pro

8、cess is similar to native lg stagesOverhearers even children who overhear a language as a child will have more native pronunciation later in life if they study that particular languageBaby talk choo choo, bow wow, tummyInteresting case North Carolina （American south） bomb threatArrest suspect phone

9、call tapedGoodabye Suspect goobah （d-dropped）ReleasedCorpus body of data （corpse）Part 4 Language and SocietyAge, sex, social situations when and where a language was learnedWord choice, pronunciation, grammarIdiolectDialect systematic differencesMutually intelligibleEach person both a dialect and id

10、iolectWhat is a language? What is a dialect?Yugoslavia Slavic lgCroats Roman ScriptSerbs Cyrillic Script- mutually intelligible but considered to be different languages todayDialect continuumDialect levelling a movement towards uniformityRegional dialect - /r/ - Boston, New York and SavannahAccent c

11、haracteristics of speech that convey information about the speakers dialectLuxuryAmerican, British, AustralianLuk, luxury or lugData stress differenceApplicableLaboratoryYorkshire, East Anglia, West Country descendents of earlier varieties not LondonWord choice lift, elevatorPublic school （in the U.

12、K. must be paid for）DARE Dictionary of American Regional EnglishSyntactic differencesJohn will eat and Mary will eat John and Mary will eatOzark dialect （Missouri） John will eat and Mary.- rule basedSocial dialects - socioeconomic status- religious- ethnic/racial differences- country of origin （Iris

13、h, Italian, French）- genderArabic is different in Baghdad based on whether the speaker is Muslim, Christian or JewishIndia social castesLanguage purists the “standard”SAE Standard American English an ideal that some nearly speakAmerican news regional dialects “celebrate diversity”BBC before RP- toda

14、y Welsh, Scottish and other regional dialects are featuredBBC “the speech of educated professionals”Prestige dialects1954 Alan RossEnglish upper class UU speakers goal is to avoid the speech of non-U speakers habitsNon-U speakers lovely home （trying to sound refined）Other words used wealthy and ever

15、 so （It is ever so nice） and recallU-speakers rich and very and remember- hypercorrection Banned languages- Soviet Union banned Ukrainian and other languagesLouisiana banned Cajun English and Cajun French in schoolAmerican Indian languagesShenzhen University?Japan banned the use of Korean during col

16、onialism.France The French Academy- forbids “Franglais”- le parking- le weekend- le hot dogBut used in every day life and in advertisingAfrican-American English- /r/ deletion except before vowels- /l/ deletion- Pen and pin vowel sounds similar to other southern dialects- Th and f- Multiple negations

17、- Be verb deletion- Habitual “be” He be happy means he is always happyLatino English- many varieties- Puerto Rican- Cuban- Mexican Chicano English- American SWMany can also speak SAE choiceGenderlects- Robin Lakoff 1973- Women are more conservative- Some British dialects drop “Hs” House Women do les

18、s so- American English dropping Gs Running/Runnin Women drop Gs less often as well.- Deborah Tannen genderlect coined the term- Japan- In Japan, guide dogs for the blind learn English because of the major differences in how men and women speak Japanese- Koasati Louisiana N.A. Indian Lg- final sound

19、is different as women end words with an s and men with an l or n.- Thai, Bengali, Yana, Chiquitano （Bolivia）- Margaret Thatcher altered her vocal pitch lowered her voice and spoke more slowlySociolinguistic analysis differences are by percentages. Its not 100%For example: 80% and 20% （faucet and spi

20、got）Labov NY department stores62% R high end52% - mid-level21% - low- /r/ is socially stratifiedLanguages in contact- lingua franca - Frankish language today it is Italian a trade language- English- Past French diplomacy- Russian in the former Soviet Union- Latin Roman Empire- Greek- Yiddish for Jew

21、ish communities- Nigeria Hausa- Hindi/Urdu- India and Pakistan- Putonghua （Mandarin）Pidgins and CreolesPidgins 17th 19th centuryColonial era- English, French, Dutch Portuguese - Hawaiian Pidgin English on plantations: workers from Japan, China, Philippines and Portugal- Chinook jargonThe dominant cu

22、lture is the superstrate or lexifier lgSubstrateCreole Pidginization- simplification Creolization expansionPidgins fewer prepositions: in, on, at, etc.Reduplication big and big-bigKomtok in Cameroon （English-based） luk means to look luk luk stareSyntax word order may be changeable Creoles Tok Pisin,

23、 Hatian creole, Gullah, Louisiana Creole, Krio, Kiri MotuSign language Nicaragua 1980s adult deaf people took “home signs” and later young children learned it and expanded it to become ISN （Nicaraguan Sign Language）Bilingualism Individual SocietalIndividuals may not be able to write in both language

24、s or readCanada QuebecSwitzerlandU.S. 2000 18% of people over the age of 5 spoke a language other than English at home （60% Spanish）Codeswitching- style- bilingual- enrich the repertoire of the speaker- highly structured and rule-governedBorrowing one word onlyLanguage in use（PC）- politically correc

25、t Mail carrier Wait staff Fire fighter Police officer Chair/ChairpersonStyles and Registers Formal InformalSlang informal style Dis Barf Pig Cool SuckSlang is universal but varies from time to time and from place to placePurpose? Meets social needs?Jargon and argot- Science Professions, Trade, Occup

26、ations- unique vocabulary to particular groups and facilitates communication, bonding and excludes outsidersTaboo Words can be filthy? Dirty? Clean? Obscene? 4 letter words Harry Potter You-Know-Who Voldermort Religion Sex Body FunctionsIn English, Latin words sound scientific while Anglo-Saxon word

27、s are often tabooVaginaPenisFecesEuphemisms Pass away/Pass on/Kick the bucket/To buy the farm/with God/in a better placeRacial and national epithets- slant- N-wordSexual orientation -fagLanguage and sexismAvoiding sexist language todayMarked/unmarked formHeir/heiressHero/heroineActor/actressHe unmarked pronounThey is commonly used as the singular, general pronoun not heSecret languages Nushu- womens language China Pig Latin oday ouyay eakspay igp