Introduction to LinguisticsWord文件下载.docx

Introduction to LinguisticsWord文件下载.docx

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Dreaminsignlanguage

Slipsofthetongue（hands）

90%areborntohearingparentsorbecomedeafbeforeacquiringlanguage-manyreceivedelayedlanguageexposure–theearlierthebetter

Sapir-Whorf

Linguisticdeterminism

Linguisticrelativism（weaker）

Euphemisms–

Crippled-handicapped–disabled–challenged–differentlyabled

Alllanguageshaveslang,euphemismsandtaboowords

2.BrainandLanguage

Tipofthetonguephenomenon

CriticalAgeHypothesis

-biologicallybased

-timebased–birthtomiddlechildhood

Asixyearold–13,000words

Aneighteenyearold–60,000words

Bloody,blooming,bugger

ASL

SVO

Butadjectivesfollowtheheadnoun

Grammar–eat,eating（signforeatrepeatedtwice）

Topicalization–dogs,I’verescuedmany

Raiseeyebrowsandtiltheadback–intonation

Spelling

Ghoti

Tough,women,nation

ASL–phonetics–configuration–over30handshapes

Movement–away,towards,up,etc.

Locationofhand

Babies–respondtolanguage–sucking（drinkingmilk）increaseswhenhearhumanvoices.

Japanesebabiescandistinguish/r/and/l/untilsixmonthsofagebutnotafterunlessexposedtospeakersofotherlanguageslikeEnglish

Roughlysixmonths–babbling–mama,gaga,dada,baba（95%）

1year–soundsofnativelanguage

Hearingbabies–limitedgestures

Deafbabies–manygestures–babbling

Nextstage–onewordsentences（holophrastic）–down–

Also,usuallymonosyllabicwords–consonant/vowel

BabySign–Damaris

-lessfrustrationandlesscrying?

（theory）

Babiesoverextendmeaningsofwords（up,dog）

Babieslimitmeaningsofword（dogtothefamilydog）

Telegraphicstage–Igo.

I/youerrorsarecommon

Babieswhousesignlanguagemakethesamemistakes.

“Helpyou”insteadof“Helpme”

Ialwayssay,“Letmehelpyou.”

Braeden,“Dada,helpyou.”

Hearingchildrenofdeafparentsacquirebothlanguagesequally–QuebecSignLanguage（LSQ）studies.

Deafchildrenborntohearingparentsdeveloptheirowngestures–instinct

Completewithgrammarandrules–“homesigns”

Butnotafullydevelopedlanguage

Codeswitching–

L2–criticalage?

3-8–likeanativespeaker

8-15-not

-everyyearmakesadifferenceinthelevelofproficiency

-thisprocessissimilartonativelgstages

Overhearers–evenchildrenwhooverhearalanguageasachildwillhavemorenativepronunciationlaterinlifeiftheystudythatparticularlanguage

Babytalk–choochoo,bowwow,tummy

Interestingcase–NorthCarolina（Americansouth）–bombthreat

Arrest–suspect–phonecalltaped

Goodabye

Suspect–goobah（d-dropped）

Released

Corpus–bodyofdata（corpse）

Part4–LanguageandSociety

Age,sex,socialsituations–whenandwherealanguagewaslearned

Wordchoice,pronunciation,grammar

Idiolect

Dialect–systematicdifferences

Mutuallyintelligible

Eachperson–bothadialectandidiolect

Whatisalanguage?

Whatisadialect?

Yugoslavia–Slaviclg

Croats–RomanScript

Serbs–CyrillicScript

-mutuallyintelligiblebutconsideredtobedifferentlanguagestoday

Dialectcontinuum

Dialectlevelling–amovementtowardsuniformity

Regionaldialect-/r/-Boston,NewYorkandSavannah

Accent–characteristicsofspeechthatconveyinformationaboutthespeaker’sdialect

Luxury

American,British,Australian

Luk,luxuryorlug

Data–stressdifference

Applicable

Laboratory

Yorkshire,EastAnglia,WestCountry–descendentsofearliervarieties–notLondon

Wordchoice–lift,elevator

Publicschool（intheU.K.mustbepaidfor）

DARE–DictionaryofAmericanRegionalEnglish

Syntacticdifferences

JohnwilleatandMarywilleat–JohnandMarywilleat

Ozarkdialect（Missouri）–JohnwilleatandMary.

-rulebased

Socialdialects

-socioeconomicstatus

-religious

-ethnic/racialdifferences

-countryoforigin（Irish,Italian,French）

-gender

ArabicisdifferentinBaghdadbasedonwhetherthespeakerisMuslim,ChristianorJewish

India–socialcastes

Languagepurists–the“standard”

SAE–StandardAmericanEnglish–anidealthatsomenearlyspeak

Americannews–regionaldialects–“celebratediversity”

BBC–before–RP-today–Welsh,Scottishandotherregionaldialectsarefeatured

BBC–“thespeechofeducatedprofessionals”

Prestigedialects

1954–AlanRoss

Englishupperclass–U

Uspeakers’goalistoavoidthespeechofnon-Uspeakers’habits

Non-Uspeakers–lovelyhome（tryingtosoundrefined）

Otherwordsused–wealthyandeverso（Itiseversonice）andrecall

U-speakers–richandveryandremember

-hypercorrection–

Bannedlanguages-SovietUnionbannedUkrainianandotherlanguages

LouisianabannedCajunEnglishandCajunFrenchinschool

AmericanIndianlanguages

ShenzhenUniversity?

JapanbannedtheuseofKoreanduringcolonialism.

France–TheFrenchAcademy

-forbids“Franglais”

-leparking

-leweekend

-lehotdog

Butusedineverydaylifeandinadvertising

African-AmericanEnglish

-/r/deletionexceptbeforevowels

-/l/deletion

-Penandpin–vowelsounds–similartoothersoutherndialects

-Thandf

-Multiplenegations

-Beverbdeletion

-Habitual“be”–Hebehappymeansheisalwayshappy

LatinoEnglish

-manyvarieties

-PuertoRican

-Cuban

-Mexican–ChicanoEnglish-AmericanSW

ManycanalsospeakSAE–choice

Genderlects

-RobinLakoff–1973

-Womenaremoreconservative

-SomeBritishdialectsdrop“H’s”–House–Womendolessso

-AmericanEnglish–droppingG’s–Running/Runnin’–WomendropG’slessoftenaswell.

-DeborahTannen–genderlect–coinedtheterm

-Japan

-InJapan,guidedogsfortheblindlearnEnglishbecauseofthemajordifferencesinhowmenandwomenspeakJapanese

-Koasati–Louisiana–N.A.IndianLg-finalsoundisdifferentaswomenendwordswithansandmenwithanlorn.

-Thai,Bengali,Yana,Chiquitano（Bolivia）

-MargaretThatcher–alteredhervocalpitch–loweredhervoiceandspokemoreslowly

Sociolinguisticanalysis–differencesarebypercentages.It’snot100%

Forexample:

80%and20%（faucetandspigot）

Labov–NY–departmentstores

62%R–highend

52%-mid-level

21%-low

-/r/issociallystratified

Languagesincontact

-linguafranca

-Frankishlanguage–todayitisItalian–atradelanguage

-English

-Past–French–diplomacy

-RussianintheformerSovietUnion

-Latin–RomanEmpire

-Greek

-Yiddish–forJewishcommunities

-Nigeria–Hausa

-Hindi/Urdu-IndiaandPakistan

-Putonghua（Mandarin）

PidginsandCreoles

Pidgins–17th–19thcentury

Colonialera

-English,French,DutchPortuguese

-HawaiianPidginEnglishonplantations:

workersfromJapan,China,PhilippinesandPortugal

-Chinookjargon

Thedominantcultureisthesuperstrateorlexifierlg

Substrate

Creole–

Pidginization-simplification

Creolization–expansion

Pidgins–fewerprepositions:

in,on,at,etc.

Reduplication–bigandbig-big

KomtokinCameroon（English-based）–lukmeanstolook–lukluk–stare

Syntax–wordordermaybechangeable

Creoles–TokPisin,Hatiancreole,Gullah,LouisianaCreole,Krio,KiriMotu

\

Signlanguage–Nicaragua–1980s–adultdeafpeopletook“homesigns”andlateryoungchildrenlearneditandexpandedittobecomeISN（NicaraguanSignLanguage）

Bilingualism

Individual

Societal

Individualsmaynotbeabletowriteinbothlanguagesorread

Canada–Quebec

Switzerland

U.S.–2000–18%ofpeopleovertheageof5spokealanguageotherthanEnglishathome（60%Spanish）

Codeswitching

-style

-bilingual

-enrichtherepertoireofthespeaker

-highlystructuredandrule-governed

Borrowing–onewordonly

Languageinuse

（PC）-politicallycorrect

Mailcarrier

Waitstaff

Firefighter

Policeofficer

Chair/Chairperson

StylesandRegisters

Formal

Informal

Slang–informalstyle

Dis

Barf

Pig

Cool

Suck

Slangisuniversalbutvariesfromtimetotimeandfromplacetoplace

Purpose?

Meetssocialneeds?

Jargonandargot-

Science

Professions,Trade,Occupations

-uniquevocabularytoparticulargroupsandfacilitatescommunication,bondingandexcludesoutsiders

Taboo

Wordscanbefilthy?

Dirty?

Clean?

Obscene?

4letterwords

HarryPotter–You-Know-Who–Voldermort

Religion

Sex

BodyFunctions

InEnglish,LatinwordssoundscientificwhileAnglo-Saxonwordsareoftentaboo

Vagina

Penis

Feces

Euphemisms

Passaway/Passon/Kickthebucket/Tobuythefarm/withGod/inabetterplace

Racialandnationalepithets

-slant

-N-word

Sexualorientation

-fag

Languageandsexism

Avoidingsexistlanguagetoday

Marked/unmarkedform

Heir/heiress

Hero/heroine

Actor/actress

He–unmarkedpronoun

Theyiscommonlyusedasthesingular,generalpronoun–nothe

Secretlanguages

Nushu-women’slanguage–China

PigLatin–odayouyayeakspayigp