Introduction to LinguisticsWord文件下载.docx
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Dreaminsignlanguage
Slipsofthetongue(hands)
90%areborntohearingparentsorbecomedeafbeforeacquiringlanguage-manyreceivedelayedlanguageexposure–theearlierthebetter
Sapir-Whorf
Linguisticdeterminism
Linguisticrelativism(weaker)
Euphemisms–
Crippled-handicapped–disabled–challenged–differentlyabled
Alllanguageshaveslang,euphemismsandtaboowords
2.BrainandLanguage
Tipofthetonguephenomenon
CriticalAgeHypothesis
-biologicallybased
-timebased–birthtomiddlechildhood
Asixyearold–13,000words
Aneighteenyearold–60,000words
Bloody,blooming,bugger
ASL
SVO
Butadjectivesfollowtheheadnoun
Grammar–eat,eating(signforeatrepeatedtwice)
Topicalization–dogs,I’verescuedmany
Raiseeyebrowsandtiltheadback–intonation
Spelling
Ghoti
Tough,women,nation
ASL–phonetics–configuration–over30handshapes
Movement–away,towards,up,etc.
Locationofhand
Babies–respondtolanguage–sucking(drinkingmilk)increaseswhenhearhumanvoices.
Japanesebabiescandistinguish/r/and/l/untilsixmonthsofagebutnotafterunlessexposedtospeakersofotherlanguageslikeEnglish
Roughlysixmonths–babbling–mama,gaga,dada,baba(95%)
1year–soundsofnativelanguage
Hearingbabies–limitedgestures
Deafbabies–manygestures–babbling
Nextstage–onewordsentences(holophrastic)–down–
Also,usuallymonosyllabicwords–consonant/vowel
BabySign–Damaris
-lessfrustrationandlesscrying?
(theory)
Babiesoverextendmeaningsofwords(up,dog)
Babieslimitmeaningsofword(dogtothefamilydog)
Telegraphicstage–Igo.
I/youerrorsarecommon
Babieswhousesignlanguagemakethesamemistakes.
“Helpyou”insteadof“Helpme”
Ialwayssay,“Letmehelpyou.”
Braeden,“Dada,helpyou.”
Hearingchildrenofdeafparentsacquirebothlanguagesequally–QuebecSignLanguage(LSQ)studies.
Deafchildrenborntohearingparentsdeveloptheirowngestures–instinct
Completewithgrammarandrules–“homesigns”
Butnotafullydevelopedlanguage
Codeswitching–
L2–criticalage?
3-8–likeanativespeaker
8-15-not
-everyyearmakesadifferenceinthelevelofproficiency
-thisprocessissimilartonativelgstages
Overhearers–evenchildrenwhooverhearalanguageasachildwillhavemorenativepronunciationlaterinlifeiftheystudythatparticularlanguage
Babytalk–choochoo,bowwow,tummy
Interestingcase–NorthCarolina(Americansouth)–bombthreat
Arrest–suspect–phonecalltaped
Goodabye
Suspect–goobah(d-dropped)
Released
Corpus–bodyofdata(corpse)
Part4–LanguageandSociety
Age,sex,socialsituations–whenandwherealanguagewaslearned
Wordchoice,pronunciation,grammar
Idiolect
Dialect–systematicdifferences
Mutuallyintelligible
Eachperson–bothadialectandidiolect
Whatisalanguage?
Whatisadialect?
Yugoslavia–Slaviclg
Croats–RomanScript
Serbs–CyrillicScript
-mutuallyintelligiblebutconsideredtobedifferentlanguagestoday
Dialectcontinuum
Dialectlevelling–amovementtowardsuniformity
Regionaldialect-/r/-Boston,NewYorkandSavannah
Accent–characteristicsofspeechthatconveyinformationaboutthespeaker’sdialect
Luxury
American,British,Australian
Luk,luxuryorlug
Data–stressdifference
Applicable
Laboratory
Yorkshire,EastAnglia,WestCountry–descendentsofearliervarieties–notLondon
Wordchoice–lift,elevator
Publicschool(intheU.K.mustbepaidfor)
DARE–DictionaryofAmericanRegionalEnglish
Syntacticdifferences
JohnwilleatandMarywilleat–JohnandMarywilleat
Ozarkdialect(Missouri)–JohnwilleatandMary.
-rulebased
Socialdialects
-socioeconomicstatus
-religious
-ethnic/racialdifferences
-countryoforigin(Irish,Italian,French)
-gender
ArabicisdifferentinBaghdadbasedonwhetherthespeakerisMuslim,ChristianorJewish
India–socialcastes
Languagepurists–the“standard”
SAE–StandardAmericanEnglish–anidealthatsomenearlyspeak
Americannews–regionaldialects–“celebratediversity”
BBC–before–RP-today–Welsh,Scottishandotherregionaldialectsarefeatured
BBC–“thespeechofeducatedprofessionals”
Prestigedialects
1954–AlanRoss
Englishupperclass–U
Uspeakers’goalistoavoidthespeechofnon-Uspeakers’habits
Non-Uspeakers–lovelyhome(tryingtosoundrefined)
Otherwordsused–wealthyandeverso(Itiseversonice)andrecall
U-speakers–richandveryandremember
-hypercorrection–
Bannedlanguages-SovietUnionbannedUkrainianandotherlanguages
LouisianabannedCajunEnglishandCajunFrenchinschool
AmericanIndianlanguages
ShenzhenUniversity?
JapanbannedtheuseofKoreanduringcolonialism.
France–TheFrenchAcademy
-forbids“Franglais”
-leparking
-leweekend
-lehotdog
Butusedineverydaylifeandinadvertising
African-AmericanEnglish
-/r/deletionexceptbeforevowels
-/l/deletion
-Penandpin–vowelsounds–similartoothersoutherndialects
-Thandf
-Multiplenegations
-Beverbdeletion
-Habitual“be”–Hebehappymeansheisalwayshappy
LatinoEnglish
-manyvarieties
-PuertoRican
-Cuban
-Mexican–ChicanoEnglish-AmericanSW
ManycanalsospeakSAE–choice
Genderlects
-RobinLakoff–1973
-Womenaremoreconservative
-SomeBritishdialectsdrop“H’s”–House–Womendolessso
-AmericanEnglish–droppingG’s–Running/Runnin’–WomendropG’slessoftenaswell.
-DeborahTannen–genderlect–coinedtheterm
-Japan
-InJapan,guidedogsfortheblindlearnEnglishbecauseofthemajordifferencesinhowmenandwomenspeakJapanese
-Koasati–Louisiana–N.A.IndianLg-finalsoundisdifferentaswomenendwordswithansandmenwithanlorn.
-Thai,Bengali,Yana,Chiquitano(Bolivia)
-MargaretThatcher–alteredhervocalpitch–loweredhervoiceandspokemoreslowly
Sociolinguisticanalysis–differencesarebypercentages.It’snot100%
Forexample:
80%and20%(faucetandspigot)
Labov–NY–departmentstores
62%R–highend
52%-mid-level
21%-low
-/r/issociallystratified
Languagesincontact
-linguafranca
-Frankishlanguage–todayitisItalian–atradelanguage
-English
-Past–French–diplomacy
-RussianintheformerSovietUnion
-Latin–RomanEmpire
-Greek
-Yiddish–forJewishcommunities
-Nigeria–Hausa
-Hindi/Urdu-IndiaandPakistan
-Putonghua(Mandarin)
PidginsandCreoles
Pidgins–17th–19thcentury
Colonialera
-English,French,DutchPortuguese
-HawaiianPidginEnglishonplantations:
workersfromJapan,China,PhilippinesandPortugal
-Chinookjargon
Thedominantcultureisthesuperstrateorlexifierlg
Substrate
Creole–
Pidginization-simplification
Creolization–expansion
Pidgins–fewerprepositions:
in,on,at,etc.
Reduplication–bigandbig-big
KomtokinCameroon(English-based)–lukmeanstolook–lukluk–stare
Syntax–wordordermaybechangeable
Creoles–TokPisin,Hatiancreole,Gullah,LouisianaCreole,Krio,KiriMotu
\
Signlanguage–Nicaragua–1980s–adultdeafpeopletook“homesigns”andlateryoungchildrenlearneditandexpandedittobecomeISN(NicaraguanSignLanguage)
Bilingualism
Individual
Societal
Individualsmaynotbeabletowriteinbothlanguagesorread
Canada–Quebec
Switzerland
U.S.–2000–18%ofpeopleovertheageof5spokealanguageotherthanEnglishathome(60%Spanish)
Codeswitching
-style
-bilingual
-enrichtherepertoireofthespeaker
-highlystructuredandrule-governed
Borrowing–onewordonly
Languageinuse
(PC)-politicallycorrect
Mailcarrier
Waitstaff
Firefighter
Policeofficer
Chair/Chairperson
StylesandRegisters
Formal
Informal
Slang–informalstyle
Dis
Barf
Pig
Cool
Suck
Slangisuniversalbutvariesfromtimetotimeandfromplacetoplace
Purpose?
Meetssocialneeds?
Jargonandargot-
Science
Professions,Trade,Occupations
-uniquevocabularytoparticulargroupsandfacilitatescommunication,bondingandexcludesoutsiders
Taboo
Wordscanbefilthy?
Dirty?
Clean?
Obscene?
4letterwords
HarryPotter–You-Know-Who–Voldermort
Religion
Sex
BodyFunctions
InEnglish,LatinwordssoundscientificwhileAnglo-Saxonwordsareoftentaboo
Vagina
Penis
Feces
Euphemisms
Passaway/Passon/Kickthebucket/Tobuythefarm/withGod/inabetterplace
Racialandnationalepithets
-slant
-N-word
Sexualorientation
-fag
Languageandsexism
Avoidingsexistlanguagetoday
Marked/unmarkedform
Heir/heiress
Hero/heroine
Actor/actress
He–unmarkedpronoun
Theyiscommonlyusedasthesingular,generalpronoun–nothe
Secretlanguages
Nushu-women’slanguage–China
PigLatin–odayouyayeakspayigp