The Evolution of Aframericans Roles in History美国黑人在历史上角色的演变研究Word文件下载.docx

1、美国黑人角色的演变和地位的提高标志着美国民主制度的逐步完善。推而广之，一个种族，一类群体要想在其所属的领域占有一席之地，有所建树，是要从各个方面来提升自己并拼搏的，即中国古语所说的文武双全；反之，要看一个种族，一类群体是否在其所属的领域地位和角色有所提升，是要从各个方面考察的。总之，道路是曲折的，可是，前途却是光明的。关键词: 奴隶制度 美国黑人 角色演变 ABSTRACTAfrican-Americans are persons from America who are members of a race of people who have dark skin, originally fr

2、om Africa. They were transported to the United States by European colonizers and called African, Negro, Colored, and Black in history. The original role of the African Americans in American society is African slaves. Though they lived in poor accommodations and lacked adequate food, they made a very

3、 positive contribution to American society in history.（Pollard, 2004）This study is mainly concerns on the evolution of African-Americans role-play in American society from the following aspects: appellation, politics, economy, Black English, literature, etc; this study is through great information a

4、bout American history and culture, conspicuous representatives from respective field to analyzing African-Americans evolutionary roles in detail directly or indirectly.From this paper, some conclusions can be drawn. In the process of slipping slavery, fulfilling racial equality, improving American d

5、emocratic system, African-Americans play a significant role in American society. They deserve a higher status in American society after all that life-long hard work with terrible cost of the revolution in death and suffering.Through analyzing that, get a deeper conclusion that it need all-round prom

6、otion in improving the role of some group of weak race or minority in society though bleeding and difficult it may be. We should respect them. Their experiences prove that process is winding, and future is promising.Key word: Slavery African American Evolutionary Role 目 录1. 引言 11.1 美国黑人的定义 21.2 美国黑人

7、的原始角色及概况 21.3 制约美国黑人发展的因素 32从称谓变化看美国黑人的角色演变 42.1 非洲人 42.2 有色人 42.3 尼格罗 52.4 黑人 52.5 非洲裔美国人 63从政治和经济角度看美国黑人角色演变 83.1 亚伯拉罕林肯的解放黑人奴隶宣言 83.2 马丁路德金的我有一个梦想 123.3 芭芭拉乔丹的正义之声 143.4 贝拉克奥巴马的“是的，我们可以” 163.5 美国黑人对经济所做出的贡献 204从黑人英语看美国黑人角色演变 214.1 黑人英语概述 214.2 黑人英语的起源 214.3 黑人英语的地位 245从文化角度看美国黑人角色演变 255.1 音乐 255.

8、2 体育 275.3 文学 27结论 29致谢 30参考文献 30CONTENTS1. Introduction 11.1 The Definition of African Americans 21.2 The Original Role of African Americans 21.3 The Main Factors that shape African Americans 32 The Evolution in Appellation 42.1 African 42.2 Colored 42.3 Negro 52.4 Black 52.5 African American 63 Th

9、e Evolution of Aframericans Roles in Politics and Economy 83.1 Abraham Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation 83.2 Martin Luther King and I Have a Dream 123.3 Barbara Jordan and Her Voice for Justice 143.4 Barack Obama and Yes We Can 173.5 African Americans Contribution to Economy 204 Black Engli

10、sh 224.1 Introduction of Black English 224.2 The Historical Origins of Black English 224.3 The Role of Black English 255 The Evolution of Aframericans Roles in Culture 265.1 Music 265.2 Sports 285.3 Literature 28Conclusion 30Acknowledgements 31Bibliography 321. IntroductionThe Main Factors that shap

11、e African Americans was their cultural differences from the European Americans excluded them from equal participation in American society through formal and informal barriers and their historical circumstances.（Robertson,1986） So the original role of African-American was very low. They were not allo

12、wed to marry, be educated or work independently. Since they were not allowed to practice their cultural activities or speak their native languages, they lost their African culture and language completely. They worked long days, did not have much of a family life, and were lynched for violation of th

13、e rules set by their owners. They lived in poor accommodations and lacked adequate food.（Pollard, 2004）Slavery was outlawed in 1780 in the northern states. At the end of the US Civil War （1865）, slavery was abolished everywhere in the United States. Legal segregation slowly ended, beginning with Pre

14、sident Trumans directive （1948） to en segregation in the US military and the US Supreme Court decision （1954） in the case of Brown vs. the Broad of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The Civil Rights Movement led by Martin Luther King, Jr. finally desegregated the South in the 1960s. The Civil Rights Act

15、（1964-1965） integrated minorities, women and other disadvantaged people into the work force. In spite of these laws and Affirmative Action which gives preferential treatment to women and minorities, discrimination in employment and housing still exists. By the 1990s more educational and employment o

16、pportunities for African Americans and other minorities became available. However, because Affirmative Action has been controversial since its inception, it has been challenged and eliminated in some states.（Almes，2004）A large segment of the Black African-American population was trapped in ghettoes,

17、 areas in a city where minority groups lived, often because of pressure from the majority group. Unemployment, poverty, infant mortality, and a lower status in society were common in ghettoes. As members of an underclass since the days of slavery, only a limited number of educated Blacks enjoyed the

18、 moderate economic gains between the 1970s and 1990s.This paper will first concern on the background of the African Americans, and then make an analysis the changing of the roles from several aspects, such as politics, economy, and appellation, language, etc. Then listing the changing roles during t

19、he long process, at last gives a conclusion of the evolution of African Americans roles from analysis and comparison.The African-American is a particular group in America. Racial discrimination is a particular phenomenon in American society. Slavery is a particular system in American history. It des

20、erves study.This paper gives the specific details that African Americans role-play in America from five aspects, such as appellation, politics, economy, Black English, literature. Maybe there are something that not so thoughtful or accurate. Please give your previous suggestions.1.1 The Definition o

21、f African AmericansWhat is the meaning of African-American? Macroscopically speaking, African-American is a person from America who is a member of a race of people who have dark skin, originally from Africa. Microcosmically speaking, African-Americans are also called Afro-Americans or Afromericans,

22、which were transported unlawfully to the United States by the European colonizers in history.1.2 The Original Role of African AmericansBeginning in 1619 Africans were imported to the United States as slaves to work on the cotton, tobacco and plantations. Gradually, a racist ideology developed. Afric

23、an slaves were called Negro and stereotyped as subhuman, innately irresponsible, stupid, lazy and promiscuous. They were not allowed to marry, be educated or work independently. Since they were not allowed to practice their cultural activities or speak their native languages, they lost their African

24、 culture and language completely. They worked long days, did not have much of a family life, and were lynched for violation of the rules set by their owners. They lived in poor accommodations and lacked adequate food.In the United States, race is a very important issue. Race guides the behavior, edu

25、cation, opportunities and resources of Americans. Dominant Euro-Americans have traditionally held political and economic power. Since many Euro-Americans consider the United States as their country, psychologically they do not seem to accept minority Americans who constitute the other 20% of the pop

26、ulation. By the end of the twentieth century the American racial/ethnic population was approximately: Table 2.1 the American racial/ethnic populationRace19801990（projected）2000Euro-Americans194,713,000208,710,000225,532,000Black26,683,00030,4486,00035,454,000Native American1,420,0002,065,0002,402,00

27、0The Declaration of Independence proclaimed that all men are created equal and have rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Tomas Jefferson, who wrote the Declaration of Independence, owned slaves. Others who signed the document also had slaves and held negative attitudes toward a larg

28、e number of Black African-Americans formerly called Negroes. As a matter of fact, many of the leaders in the colonies who fought for American independence owned slaves. This was true in the Northern colonies as well as the Southern ones. One example is the famous American diplomat, inventor and busi

29、nessman Benjamin Franklin. He owned slaves for thirty years and sold them at his general store. But his ideas about slavery changed during his long life. Benjamin Franklin started the first schools to teach blacks and later argued for their freedom. （Pollard, 2004）1.3 The Main Factors that shape African AmericansAccording to Jan Robertson, two factors have shaped the conditions of non-Europeans in the United States. First, their cultural differences from the European Americans excluded them from equal