The Evolution of Aframericans Roles in History美国黑人在历史上角色的演变研究Word文件下载.docx

The Evolution of Aframericans Roles in History美国黑人在历史上角色的演变研究Word文件下载.docx

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美国黑人角色的演变和地位的提高标志着美国民主制度的逐步完善。

推而广之，一个种族，一类群体要想在其所属的领域占有一席之地，有所建树，是要从各个方面来提升自己并拼搏的，即中国古语所说的文武双全；

反之，要看一个种族，一类群体是否在其所属的领域地位和角色有所提升，是要从各个方面考察的。

总之，道路是曲折的，可是，前途却是光明的。

关键词:

奴隶制度美国黑人角色演变

ABSTRACT

African-AmericansarepersonsfromAmericawhoaremembersofaraceofpeoplewhohavedarkskin,originallyfromAfrica.TheyweretransportedtotheUnitedStatesbyEuropeancolonizersandcalledAfrican,Negro,Colored,andBlackinhistory.TheoriginalroleoftheAfricanAmericansinAmericansocietyisAfricanslaves.Thoughtheylivedinpooraccommodationsandlackedadequatefood,theymadeaverypositivecontributiontoAmericansocietyinhistory.（Pollard,2004）

ThisstudyismainlyconcernsontheevolutionofAfrican-Americans’role-playinAmericansocietyfromthefollowingaspects:

appellation,politics,economy,BlackEnglish,literature,etc;

thisstudyisthroughgreatinformationaboutAmericanhistoryandculture,conspicuousrepresentativesfromrespectivefieldtoanalyzingAfrican-Americans’evolutionaryrolesindetaildirectlyorindirectly.

Fromthispaper,someconclusionscanbedrawn.Intheprocessofslippingslavery,fulfillingracialequality,improvingAmericandemocraticsystem,African-AmericansplayasignificantroleinAmericansociety.TheydeserveahigherstatusinAmericansocietyafterallthatlife-longhardworkwithterriblecostoftherevolutionindeathandsuffering.

Throughanalyzingthat,getadeeperconclusionthatitneedall-roundpromotioninimprovingtheroleofsomegroupofweakraceorminorityinsocietythoughbleedinganddifficultitmaybe.Weshouldrespectthem.Theirexperiencesprovethatprocessiswinding,andfutureispromising.

Keyword:

SlaveryAfricanAmericanEvolutionaryRole

目录

1.引言1

1.1美国黑人的定义2

1.2美国黑人的原始角色及概况2

1.3制约美国黑人发展的因素3

2从称谓变化看美国黑人的角色演变4

2.1非洲人4

2.2有色人4

2.3尼格罗5

2.4黑人5

2.5非洲裔美国人6

3从政治和经济角度看美国黑人角色演变8

3.1亚伯拉罕·

林肯的《解放黑人奴隶宣言》8

3.2马丁·

路德·

金的《我有一个梦想》12

3.3芭芭拉·

乔丹的正义之声14

3.4贝拉克·

奥巴马的“是的，我们可以”16

3.5美国黑人对经济所做出的贡献20

4从黑人英语看美国黑人角色演变21

4.1黑人英语概述21

4.2黑人英语的起源21

4.3黑人英语的地位24

5从文化角度看美国黑人角色演变25

5.1音乐25

5.2体育27

5.3文学27

结论29

致谢30

参考文献30

CONTENTS

1.Introduction1

1.1TheDefinitionofAfricanAmericans2

1.2TheOriginalRoleofAfricanAmericans2

1.3TheMainFactorsthatshapeAfricanAmericans3

2TheEvolutioninAppellation4

2.1African4

2.2Colored4

2.3Negro5

2.4Black5

2.5AfricanAmerican6

3TheEvolutionofAframericans’RolesinPoliticsandEconomy8

3.1AbrahamLincolnandtheEmancipationProclamation8

3.2MartinLutherKingandIHaveaDream12

3.3BarbaraJordanandHerVoiceforJustice14

3.4BarackObamaandYesWeCan17

3.5AfricanAmerican’sContributiontoEconomy20

4BlackEnglish22

4.1IntroductionofBlackEnglish22

4.2TheHistoricalOriginsofBlackEnglish22

4.3TheRoleofBlackEnglish25

5TheEvolutionofAframericans’RolesinCulture26

5.1Music26

5.2Sports28

5.3Literature28

Conclusion30

Acknowledgements31

Bibliography32

1.Introduction

TheMainFactorsthatshapeAfricanAmericanswastheirculturaldifferencesfromtheEuropeanAmericansexcludedthemfromequalparticipationinAmericansocietythroughformalandinformalbarriersandtheirhistoricalcircumstances.（Robertson,1986）SotheoriginalroleofAfrican-Americanwasverylow.Theywerenotallowedtomarry,beeducatedorworkindependently.Sincetheywerenotallowedtopracticetheirculturalactivitiesorspeaktheirnativelanguages,theylosttheirAfricancultureandlanguagecompletely.Theyworkedlongdays,didnothavemuchofafamilylife,andwerelynchedforviolationoftherulessetbytheirowners.Theylivedinpooraccommodationsandlackedadequatefood.（Pollard,2004）

Slaverywasoutlawedin1780inthenorthernstates.AttheendoftheUSCivilWar（1865）,slaverywasabolishedeverywhereintheUnitedStates.Legalsegregationslowlyended,beginningwithPresidentTruman’sdirective（1948）toensegregationintheUSmilitaryandtheUSSupremeCourtdecision（1954）inthecaseofBrownvs.theBroadofEducationofTopeka,Kansas.TheCivilRightsMovementledbyMartinLutherKing,Jr.finallydesegregatedtheSouthinthe1960’s.TheCivilRightsAct（1964-1965）integratedminorities,womenandotherdisadvantagedpeopleintotheworkforce.InspiteoftheselawsandAffirmativeActionwhichgivespreferentialtreatmenttowomenandminorities,discriminationinemploymentandhousingstillexists.Bythe1990’smoreeducationalandemploymentopportunitiesforAfricanAmericansandotherminoritiesbecameavailable.However,becauseAffirmativeActionhasbeencontroversialsinceitsinception,ithasbeenchallengedandeliminatedinsomestates.（Almes，2004）

AlargesegmentoftheBlackAfrican-Americanpopulationwastrappedinghettoes,areasinacitywhereminoritygroupslived,oftenbecauseofpressurefromthemajoritygroup.Unemployment,poverty,infantmortality,andalowerstatusinsocietywerecommoninghettoes.Asmembersofanunderclasssincethedaysofslavery,onlyalimitednumberofeducatedBlacksenjoyedthemoderateeconomicgainsbetweenthe1970’sand1990’s.

ThispaperwillfirstconcernonthebackgroundoftheAfricanAmericans,andthenmakeananalysisthechangingoftherolesfromseveralaspects,suchaspolitics,economy,andappellation,language,etc.Thenlistingthechangingrolesduringthelongprocess,atlastgivesaconclusionoftheevolutionofAfricanAmericans’rolesfromanalysisandcomparison.

TheAfrican-AmericanisaparticulargroupinAmerica.RacialdiscriminationisaparticularphenomenoninAmericansociety.SlaveryisaparticularsysteminAmericanhistory.Itdeservesstudy.

ThispapergivesthespecificdetailsthatAfricanAmerican’srole-playinAmericafromfiveaspects,suchasappellation,politics,economy,BlackEnglish,literature.Maybetherearesomethingthatnotsothoughtfuloraccurate.Pleasegiveyourprevioussuggestions.

1.1TheDefinitionofAfricanAmericans

WhatisthemeaningofAfrican-American?

Macroscopicallyspeaking,African-AmericanisapersonfromAmericawhoisamemberofaraceofpeoplewhohavedarkskin,originallyfromAfrica.Microcosmicallyspeaking,African-AmericansarealsocalledAfro-AmericansorAfromericans,whichweretransportedunlawfullytotheUnitedStatesbytheEuropeancolonizersinhistory.

1.2TheOriginalRoleofAfricanAmericans

Beginningin1619AfricanswereimportedtotheUnitedStatesasslavestoworkonthecotton,tobaccoandplantations.Gradually,aracistideologydeveloped.AfricanslaveswerecalledNegroandstereotypedassubhuman,innatelyirresponsible,stupid,lazyandpromiscuous.Theywerenotallowedtomarry,beeducatedorworkindependently.Sincetheywerenotallowedtopracticetheirculturalactivitiesorspeaktheirnativelanguages,theylosttheirAfricancultureandlanguagecompletely.Theyworkedlongdays,didnothavemuchofafamilylife,andwerelynchedforviolationoftherulessetbytheirowners.Theylivedinpooraccommodationsandlackedadequatefood.

IntheUnitedStates,raceisaveryimportantissue.Raceguidesthebehavior,education,opportunitiesandresourcesofAmericans.DominantEuro-Americanshavetraditionallyheldpoliticalandeconomicpower.SincemanyEuro-AmericansconsidertheUnitedStatesastheircountry,psychologicallytheydonotseemtoacceptminorityAmericanswhoconstitutetheother20%ofthepopulation.BytheendofthetwentiethcenturytheAmericanracial/ethnicpopulationwasapproximately:

Table2.1theAmericanracial/ethnicpopulation

Race

1980

1990

（projected）2000

Euro-Americans

194,713,000

208,710,000

225,532,000

Black

26,683,000

30,4486,000

35,454,000

NativeAmerican

1,420,000

2,065,000

2,402,000

TheDeclarationofIndependenceproclaimedthatallmenarecreatedequalandhaverightstolife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.TomasJefferson,whowrotetheDeclarationofIndependence,ownedslaves.OtherswhosignedthedocumentalsohadslavesandheldnegativeattitudestowardalargenumberofBlackAfrican-AmericansformerlycalledNegroes.Asamatteroffact,manyoftheleadersinthecolonieswhofoughtforAmericanindependenceownedslaves.ThiswastrueintheNortherncoloniesaswellastheSouthernones.OneexampleisthefamousAmericandiplomat,inventorandbusinessmanBenjaminFranklin.Heownedslavesforthirtyyearsandsoldthemathisgeneralstore.Buthisideasaboutslaverychangedduringhislonglife.BenjaminFranklinstartedthefirstschoolstoteachblacksandlaterarguedfortheirfreedom.（Pollard,2004）

1.3TheMainFactorsthatshapeAfricanAmericans

AccordingtoJanRobertson,twofactorshaveshapedtheconditionsofnon-EuropeansintheUnitedStates.First,theirculturaldifferencesfromtheEuropeanAmericansexcludedthemfromequal