独立结构文档格式.docx

1、3. 名词（代词）+不定式Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。4. 名词（代词）+介词短语The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。He was wai

2、ting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。5. 名词（代词）+形容词或副词He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。6. There being +名词（代词）There being nothing else to do,

3、we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。7. It being +名词（代词）It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。注：独立结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如：Dont sleep with

4、 the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈

5、妈有病，我无法去度假。He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。 三、英语独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。1. 用作时间状语The work done （=After the work had been done）, we we

6、nt home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。2. 用作条件状语Weather permitting （=If weather permits）, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。3. 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow （=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow）, the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为

7、明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4. 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head （=and his hands were crossed under his head）.他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。5. 表示补充说明A hunter came in, his face red with cold （=and his face was red with cold）. 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。We redoubled our efforts, each man working l

8、ike two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 四、使用独立主格结构的几点注意1. 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。After class was over （=Class being over / Class over）, the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。2. 在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或

9、having been）不能省略：（1） 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。（2） 在There being名词的结构中。There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。3. 在“名词（或代词）介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构：Mis

10、s Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式。The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。比较动名词复合结构：The chief-editors arriving made us very surprised.5. 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始

11、了。Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。英语独立主格结构常见类型 独立主格类型1：名词（代词）+现在分词 独立主格类型2：名词（代词）+过去分词 独立主格类型3：名词（代词）+不定式 独立主格类型4：名词（代词）+介词短语 独立主格类型5：名词（代词）+形容词或副词 独立主格类型6：There being +名词（代词） 独立主格类型7：It being +名词（代词） 说明：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。关于分词的独立主格结构在通常情况下，分词作状

12、语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，若不一致，则应改用其他句型。误：Crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 正：Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. 过马路时他被车撞倒了。When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 他过马路时车子把他撞倒了。解决状语分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题，也可在分词前加一个名词或代词，使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式，故称分词的独立主格结构。The weather

13、being fine, we went swimming. 天气很好，我们就去游泳了。He being absent, nothing couldnt be done. 由于他缺席，什么事也干不成。使用独立主格结构的几点注意 1. 独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。After class was over （=Class being over / Class over）, the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了教室。 2. 不能省略being （havi

14、ng been）的情形在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略：（1） 独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词时。 3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词（或代词）介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。 4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式 5. 独立主格的时态问题独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。独立主格结构常见出题形式及解题策略独立主格结构是一常考项目，在各级各类考试中多以语法结构填空形式出现。例如：1）All flights_，we decided to take a greyhoundAwere ca

15、nceled Bhad been canceled Chaving canceled Dhaving been canceled 2）The production_steadily，the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw materialAhas gone up Bis going up Chaving gone up Dbeing gone up 此类题型的解题策略可以概括为“结构分析法”，即首先分析句子结构，判断句子缺少的成分，同时注意主句与其他部分之间有无连接词，是否用逗号隔开。若有逗号而无连接词，则可对选项部分作如下初步判断

16、：1）选项部分可能会构成状语从句或非限制性定语从句（但二者必须由从属连词或关系代词、关系副词引导）；2）选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的非谓语动词短语（但非谓语动词作状语时其逻辑主语通常为主句的主语）；3）选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的独立主格结构（独立主格结构有自己的主语，并可扩展为状语从句或独立句子）。初步判断后，即可联系句子，对照选项，作出选择。上述例题1）中的选项A和B与All flights构成了句子，但该句没有任何从属连词、关系代词或关系副词引导，与主句之间也无连接词，因而是错误的，应排除。选项C和D与All flights都可构成独立主格结构，作原因状语，但根据题意，应选D，因为“

17、班机”是“被取消”的。同样，例题2）中的选项A和B与名词 the production构成了句子，但该句无连接词连接两个句子，因而应排除。选项C和D与 the production都可构成独立主格结构，作原因状语，但根据题意，“产量在稳步增长”，在逻辑上是主谓关系，应用主动语态，所以应选C。此外，独立主格结构也时常见于其他诸如Cloze Test等题型中，并能广泛运用于写作和翻译之中。可见，掌握了独立主格结构对于学生提高综合应试能力是大有裨益的。Choose the best from the four choices1Ford tried dividing the labor，each wo

18、rker_ a separate taskAassigning Bassigned Cwas assigned Dwould be assigned 2The lecture_ ，he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speakerAbegan Bbeginning Chaving begun Dbeing beginning 3Such the case ，there are no grounds to justify your complaintsAbeing Bi

19、s Cwas Dto be 4Darkness in，the young people lingered on merrymakingAset Bsetting Chas set Dwas set 5With all factors_，we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goalAbeing considered Bconsidering Cconsidered Dare considered 6A new technique_，the yields as a whole increased by 20

20、 percentAto have been worked out Bhaving worked out Cworking out Dhaving been worked out 7On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still，ears ，alert，listeningApointed Bpointing Care pointed Dare pointing 8Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office ，but our work ，we decli

21、ned the offerAnot being finished Bnot having finished Chad not been finished Dwas not finished 9There are various kinds of metals ，each_ _its own propertiesThere are various kinds of metals ，and each_ _its own propertiesAhas Bhad Cto have Dhaving 10The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports，each one major point in contrast with the otherAmakes Bmade Cis to make Dmaking 独立结构练习题1. A new technique _, the yields as a whole increased by 20 perce