1、初中非谓语动词讲解及练习初中非谓语动词讲解及练习7、动词的非谓语形式:动词不做谓语时的固定形式。(1)动词的非谓语形式包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式;其中分词又包含现在分词和过去分词两种形式。它们在句子中不能单独作谓语。(2)动词不定式: 形式:动词不定式基本形式由“不定式记号to+动词原形”构成。它的否定形式只要在“to” 前面加上“not”。它的疑问形式是:“wh-疑问词+to+动词原形”。*它的被动形式:“to be +过去分词”。*它的完成形式:“to have +过去分词”。 动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,即可以在句子中作主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。但不
2、定式也保留动词的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟宾语、表语和状语。动词不定式加上相关成分就构成不定式短语。 动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会用for sb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。如:To help animals is helping people.(帮助动物就是帮助人)It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.(对于我们而言)学好汉语是非常的困难)It took me half an hour to work out t
3、his problem.(解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间) 动词不定式可以作谓语动词(及物动词)的宾语。A 及物动词+不定式一般形式:谓语动词(vt.)+不定式(作宾语)说 明want(想) / try(试图) / decide(决定) / would like(想要) / hope(希望) / love(喜爱) / learn(学会) / afford(提供) / agree(同意) / fail(失败、未能) / mean(意味着) / prefer(宁愿) / wish(希望) + to (do)(无)help(帮助)to可以省略begin(开始)/ start(开始)/hate(憎恨)
4、 也可跟动名词,意义变化不大forget(忘记) / remember(记得)/ like(总爱) 也可跟动名词,意义变化较大 如:I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我现在想休息一下) They began to search the room for the thief.(他们开始在屋子里搜寻小偷)He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house.(他喜爱在靠家的水塘里面游泳)When did you learn to speak English?(你什么时候开始学英语的?)Dont fo
5、rget to close the door when you leave.(你离开时别忘了关门比较 He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了关灯.) (没关) He forgot turning off the light.(他忘记关过灯.)(关了) Please remember to ring me up.(记得给我打电话.)(还没打电话) I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我记得昨天给你打电话了,但是你忘记了.)(打过电话) B 及物动词+疑问词+不定式: 谓语动词(vt.)+wh-疑问词+
6、不定式 (作宾语)说明tell (告诉) / show (显示) / know (知道) / ask (问) / find out (发现) / understand (明白) / wonder(疑惑) / learn(学会) / forget(忘记) / remember(记得) / teach sb.(教某人) / discuss(商讨)what where+ how + to (do)whowhich不定式疑问形式还可以作句子的主语、表语等。 如:He does not know which one to take.(他不知道该选哪个) Tell me how to get to the
7、 station.(告诉我怎么样去火车站) She asked me what to do for todays homework.(她问我今天家庭作业做什么)Can you teach me how to search the internet?(你能教我怎样上网吗?) C 不定式作宾语而后面又有宾语补足语时,通常用it代替作形式宾语,而不定式则后置。如: I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我发现学骑车不很容易) 动词不定式可以在句子中用作定语,放在名词或代词后面。A 记住下面的一些结构:被修饰部分 + 不定式(作后置定语)汉
8、 语 意 思a keyto lock the door锁门的钥匙 a boxto hold these things装这些东西的箱子give her a bookto read给她一本书读Is there any (+名词/代词)to (do)? 有要(做的)吗?Its timeto go.是走的时间了。/ 该走了。Do you have any workto do?你有工作要做吗?Id like somethingto eat.我要点儿吃的。I have nothingto say.我没有话要说。Would you like somethingto drink?你要点儿喝的吗?B 在这种情况
9、下,如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则后面必须加介词。如:They could not find a place to live in.(他们找不到住的地方)Please give me a chair to sit on.(请给我一张椅子坐坐) He has got a writing brush to write with.(他找到了写字的毛笔) 动词不定式可以在句子中用作状语,有下列几种情况:A 放在不及物动词(come, go, stop, finish, wait等词)的后面。如:He came to see her yesterday.(他昨天来看望她)(表示来的目的) I stopp
10、ed to have a rest.(我停下来休息一会儿)(表示停下来的目的)B 放在完整的谓语之后(即“谓语+宾语”、“谓语+宾语+补语”、“动词+表语”之后)。如:We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我们打扫了房间以便让他在里面玩) I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打开窗子以便看得更清楚点儿)C 有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。如:To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.(为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了
11、一个小时)(表示早起的目的)注意 stop to do 与stop doing的不同。如:They stopped to have a look.(他们停下来看看)(不定式作“停下来”的目的状语) They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teahcher.(他们停止向窗外望,开始听老师讲课)(动名词作宾语,表示“停止”的内容) 动词不定式可以在句子中用作表语,限用于连系动词之后。如:My job is to keep the goal.(我的工作就是守住球门) 动词不定式可以在句子中用作复合宾语中的宾语
12、补足语。 谓 语 动 词(vt.)+ 宾语 (人 / 物)+不定式 (作宾语补足语)ask(请) / tell(关照) / teach(教) / want(想要) / would like(想要) / get(让) / help(帮) / invite(邀请) / like(喜欢) / warn(警告) / +sb. / sth.+to (do)make(使得) / let(让) / hear(听) / see(看) / feel(感觉) / watch(观看)/ have(使得) / help(帮助) +sb. / sth.+ (do) 如:Mum asked me to help her
13、with the cooking.(妈妈叫我帮助她做饭)I would like you to see my parents.(我想要你见见我的父母)The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老板常让工人们一天工作14小时)Now let me hear you play the violin.(现在让我来听你拉小提琴) 注意 help之后做宾补的不定式符号to可以省略;hear / see / feel / watch之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,需特别注意,(参见现在分词部分)。试比较: I heard her c
14、rying when I walked past.(我路过时听到她正在哭)(指当时瞬间的情况) I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近听她唱新歌)(指整个过程) (3)动名词 动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被状语修饰;它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。动名词加相关词语(宾语或状语等)构成动名词短语。 动名词可以作主语。一般可用it作形式主语而将动名词短语后移。如:Learning English all by yourself is not so eas
15、y.(自学好英语不那么容易)(=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.) 动名词可以作宾语。A want / need之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。如:Your car needs reparing badly.(你的车急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理发。)(头发被理)B remember / forge / stop / finish之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。如:I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了给他写封信)(根本没写) I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了给他写过信)(写了却忘了) They stopped to look back.(他们停下来向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) They stopped looking back.(他们停止向后看)(不向后看了)C enj
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