《英国文学简史》考研刘炳善版考研复习笔记和考研真题Word格式文档下载.docx

1、B. Influence（影响）The Roman mode of life was brought into Britain while the native Britons were treated as slaves.The Romans brought Christianity to the island and this religion was spread widely. （This is a profound religious effect up to today）.Roman road was built for military purposes.Along the Ro

2、man roads, many towns grew up, London was one of them, and it became an important trading center.罗马人的生活方式被带到了英国，而当地的不列颠人却沦为奴隶。罗马人带来了基督教，基督教得以广泛传播。出于军事目的，罗马人修建罗马大路。沿着罗马大路，许多城镇得以发展，伦敦就是其中之一，并在那时成为重要的商业城市。2The English Conquest（盎格鲁-撒克逊征服）While the Romans retreated, the Britain was invaded by swarms of p

3、irates. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. Before the conquest, they still lived in the tribal society.By the 7th century, a untied kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles was established.当罗马人撤离不列颠的同时，大群海盗入侵岛内。他们是来自北欧的三支部落：盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特。征服之前，他们仍旧过着部落生活。到7世

4、纪，一个统一的王国英国成立了，也被称作盎格鲁人之国。The three tribes had developed into a whole people called English. And the three dialects had grown into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.The Britons experienced a transition from tribal society to feudalism because of the English Conquest.The Anglo-Saxo

5、ns were heathen people, believing in old mythology of Northern Europe. Later, The Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the 7thcentury.这三支部落发展成一个统一的民族称为英国人。三种方言逐渐成为一种单一的语言，称为盎格鲁-撒克逊语言，即古英语。不列颠人经历了从原始部落社会向封建社会过渡的时期。盎格鲁-撒克逊人是无神论民族，相信古老的北欧神话，但后来在7世纪被基督教化了。. Literary Features of Early English Literature（早期

6、英国文学的特征）The settlement of Anglo-Saxons in England marked the beginning of English literature. The early English literature mainly consisted of the Anglo-Saxon poetry, which was sung by the minstrels to the chiefs and warriors in praising of the old heroes deeds in the feasting hall. The Old English

7、regularly used alliterations and rhymes, at the same time, metaphors and understatements were also put into the poetry. Beowulf is the most widely spread early poem.英国文学始于盎格鲁-撒克逊人在英国定居时期。古英国文学中所保留的作品多为诗歌或者盎格鲁-撒克逊游吟诗人所唱的歌曲，这些游吟诗人在宴会大厅里为那些首领和勇士歌唱古时的英雄事迹。古英语中有规律地运用了头韵和韵律，同时也用到了比喻和轻描淡写手法。流传最广的早期英语诗歌是贝奥武

8、甫。.Literary Terms（文学术语）1Anglo-Saxon poetry（盎格鲁-撒克逊诗歌）Poems or, songs by the Anglo-Saxon minstrels who sang of the heroic deeds of old time to the chiefs and warriors in the feasting hall. The typical work of Anglo-Saxon is Beowulf.是由盎格鲁-撒克逊游吟诗人吟唱的古代英雄事迹的诗歌或者歌曲。这些诗歌或者歌曲主要是在宴会厅唱给首领或者武士们。代表诗作是贝奥武甫。2All

9、iteration（头韵）It means the repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry. There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration. There is an obvious use of alliteration in Beowulf.就是诗歌里开头辅音字母的重复。一行诗歌里一般有4个音节，三个音节能够显示出头韵的效果。在贝奥武甫里对头韵有明显的运用。. Major Writers and Works（英国早期主要作家及

10、作品）Beowulf贝奥武甫English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement. Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon poetry and the national epic of the English people.英国文学始于盎格鲁-撒克逊人的定居。贝奥武甫是一首盎格鲁-撒克逊诗歌，同时也是一首英国人民的国家史诗。1The Story of Beowulf（贝奥武甫主要情节）Beowulf tells a story of Beowulf fighting against monsters Grendel an

11、d his mother, winning the battle and protecting his people.该书讲述了贝奥武甫这位英勇的武士与怪物格兰戴和他母亲斗争取得胜利并保护了他的人民的故事。2Analysis of Its Content（贝奥武甫内容评析）Beowulf is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. Its main stories are folk legends of primitive Northern tribes.Beowulf is

12、 a brave hero whose spirit and deeds reflect the life of tribal society on the continent. The historical significance of Beowulf lies in reflecting the features of the tribal society of ancient times.贝奥武甫是一部民间传说，由盎格鲁-撒克逊人从他们本土带到英格兰。它的主要故事情节来源于原始北欧部落的民间传说。贝奥武甫是一个英雄，他的精神和行为都反映了当时的部落生活。它的历史意义在于反映了古代部落社

13、会的特征。3Artistic Features of Beowulf（贝奥武甫的文学特征）a. The most striking feature is the use of alliteration.b. Other features of this work are the use of metaphors and of understatements.a. 多用头韵。b. 多用暗喻和轻描淡写手法。中世纪英国文学Medieval English Literature.Background Knowledge（背景知识）1The Danish Invasion（丹麦人入侵）About 787

14、, the English began to be troubled by bands of Danish Vikings. Before 1031, King Alfred the Great （849-901） succeeded in driving the Danes off with force. He was the one who also laid emphasis on education and literature. In 1031, the Danes occupied the country and held it for 30 years.约787年，英国开始为成群

15、的丹麦海盗所困。1031年之前，阿尔弗雷德大帝（King Alfred the Great）成功击退了丹麦人。1031年，丹麦人占领了英国并盘踞30年。2The Norman Conquest（诺曼征服）In 1066, the French-speaking Normans came under Duke William and defeated the English at Hastings. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England. The chief feature of the feuda

16、l society was distinct division into class, mainly two classes: landlords and peasants.在1066年，说法语的诺曼底人在威廉公爵（Duke William）的带领下入侵，并在赫斯汀打败了英国人。诺曼征服标志着封建制度在英国的建立。封建国家的主要特征是明显的等级划分，主要是地主和农民两个阶级。a. The establishment of feudalism in England.b. The Old English was influenced by French words.a. 在英国建立了封建制度。b.

17、 古英语受法语单词影响。3The Rising of 1381（1381年农民起义）In 1381, the famous Peasants Rising broke out in England. Its leaders were Wat Tyler and John Ball.1381年爆发农民起义。领导者为瓦特泰勒（Wat Tyler）和约翰鲍尔（John Ball）。. Literary Features of Middle English Literature（中世纪英国文学特征）1Values of Christianity began to influence English l

18、iterature.2The Middle Ages constantly emphasized the spirit of chivalry, which was showed in the prevailing literary genreromance, of that period. Romances of Middle Ages are written by and for the court.3The popular folk literary formballad is the oral literature. The typical ballads of Middle Ages

19、 are the ballads about Robin Hood.4The writer and work that should be especially emphasized is Chaucer and his Canterbury Tales.1基督教的世界观渗透到中世纪英语时期的文学中。2中世纪文学不断强调骑士精神，这种精神通常反映在封建英国最流行的文学形式传奇文学中，它们取材于贵族，为贵族而创作。3与之对应的是民间的口头文学歌谣，这一时期歌谣的典型代表是罗宾汉系列歌谣。4尤其需要注意的文学者和作品是乔叟和他的坎特伯雷故事集。1The Romance（传奇文学）（1） The C

20、ontent of the Romance（传奇定义）Romance was the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances was the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in th

21、e use of weapons. The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry.Typical representative work is Le Morte DArthur, a collection of stories about King Arthur, translated from French by Sir Thomas Malory.传奇文学是封建英国最为盛行的文学体裁。它一般是长篇作品，主要描述高尚的英雄的生平和冒险。传奇的中心人物是武士，武士出身高贵并且善使武器。武士以其侠气著称。传奇典型代

22、表作是由托马斯马洛里由法语翻译成的亚瑟王之死，是关于亚瑟王生平故事的选集。（2） The Romance Cycles（传奇分类）The romances are divided into such groups or cycles as the “matters of Britain”, “matters of France” and “matters of Rome”. The “matters of Britain” are about adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. The “matters o

23、f France” are of Emperor Charlemagne and his peers. The “matters of Rome” are about Alexander the Great and so forth.传奇可分为“英国类”，“法国类”和“罗马类”。“英国类”传奇是关于亚瑟王和他的圆桌武士的冒险。“法国类”是关于查理曼大帝和他的贵族们。“罗马类”是关于亚历山大大帝。（3） The Class Nature of the Romance（传奇的阶级本质）The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emph

24、asized in romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone of feudal morality. The romances had nothing to do with the common people. They were composed for the noble, of the noble.对国王和主上的忠诚是传奇中反复强调的主题。传奇与平民无关，传奇是由贵族而作也是为贵族而写的。2Ballad（歌谣）（1） Ballads are oral literature of the English people.（2） A ballad is

25、 a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.（3） The subjects of ballads are various such as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, and the criticism of the civil w

26、ar.（4） “Robin Hood” is the most important ballad of that time.（1） 歌谣是英国人民大众的口头文学。（2） 歌谣是以歌的形式讲述的故事，通常由4行组成一节，其中第二和第四行押韵。（3） 歌谣内容多样，有关于年轻爱侣反对封建家长的，有爱情和财富冲突的，有关于嫉妒残忍行动的，有批判国内战乱的。（4） 其中，罗宾汉歌谣是最重要的。. Major Writers and Works（中世纪主要作品作家）1the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史It was written under the encourage

27、ment and supervision of King Alfred the Great and is a monument of Old English prose.它是在罗阿尔弗雷德大帝（King Alfred the Grea t）的鼓励和监督下写成，是古英语散文史上的丰碑。2The “Robin Hood” Ballads（罗宾汉歌谣）The various ballads of Robin Hood are gathered into a collection called The Geste of Robin Hood. Robin Hood, a partly historic

28、al and partly legendary character, is depicted in the ballads as a valiant outlaw, famous in archery, living under the greenwood tree with his merry men, taking from the rich and giving to the poor, fighting against bishops. The dominant key in his character is his hatred for the cruel oppressors an

29、d his love for the poor and downtrodden.关于罗宾汉的歌谣被收集在绿林英雄罗宾汉民谣。罗宾汉是一个部分属实部分是传奇的人物。在歌谣中，他是一个勇敢的亡命之徒，以其箭术闻名，同他的伙伴们一起逍遥地生活在绿林中，劫富济贫，与教会作斗争。罗宾汉最明显的性格特征便是对压迫者的仇视和对受难者的热爱。3Malory（马洛里）Le Morte DArthur亚瑟王之死Translated by Malory from French, the legends of King Arthur are the foundation of Le Morte DArthur. Malory selected the most interesting parts, such a