1、以辅音+y结尾 变y为i 加es stories, babies, cities 以元音+y结尾 boys, keys, days 以f或fe结尾 变f或fe为v加es 发vz leaves, knives, lives 例外:roofs, proofs, handkerchiefs 2)、有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,如: 变化 例词 元音发生变化 manmen, womanwomen, footfeettoothteeth, mousemice 词尾发生变化 childchildren 单、复数同形 sheepsheep, deerdeer, fishfish, ChineseChines
2、e, Japanese-Japanese 复合词中主要词变为复数 looker-onlookers-on, new-comernew-comers, grand-childgrand-children 复合词中无主体词在最后,加s grown-upgrown-ups,stand-bystand-bys 由man 或woman 构成的复合词前后两词皆变为复数 woman-teacherwomen-teachers, man-doctormen-doctors 以 is结尾的外来词,变is为es basis-bases, crisis-crises, emphasis-emphases, 3)、常
3、以复数形式出现的名词:people(人),clothes(衣服),trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) ,这些名词作主语时,同学们应特别注意它们的谓语,用复数。4)、有些名词看似复数形式,实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的,应特别加以记忆。如:news(消息),maths (数学),physics(物理)2、不可数名词不可数名词通常是物质名词和集合名词。物质名词无法分为个体的事物,通常不能与不定冠词连用,自身不能表示具体的数量,如water, coffee, time, money, bread, work,等;抽象名词表示的是可感觉却触摸不到的性质、动作、状态、感情等抽象的概念
4、,如kindness。1)、不可数名词无复数,作主语时常看成单数。2)、常用how much, much, a little, little, a lot of, some, any等来修饰不可数名词。3)、有些名词既能用作可数名词,又可作不可数名词,但意义不同单 词 意 义 不可数名词 可数名词 dress 女服(统称) a dress 一件女服 fish 鱼肉 a fish 一条鱼 glass 玻璃 a glass 一个玻璃杯 tin 锡 a tin 一听罐头 paper 纸 a paper 一张报纸 (二)名词的所有格名词的所有格表示名词的所有关系,意思为“的”。名词所有格的构成方法是:
5、1、在名词后加“ s”。Lilys, Marys等。2、以-s或-es 结尾的复数名词只加“”, 如:Teachers Day , two weeks holiday,而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例加s 。Childrens Day。3、表示一件东西为多人共有,只需在最后一个人的名字后加“s”。若表示各自所有,则需在每个名字后都加“s”,如:Lily and Lucys computer. 莉莉和露茜的电脑。(两人共有),lilys and Lucys computers. 莉莉和露茜的电脑。(并不共有),4)、名词所有格可以用来表示地点。 如:my uncles 我叔叔家。5)、表
6、示无生命东西的名词所有格,一般以“of +名词”的结构来表示。如:the end of the year 岁末,the colour of the flower 花的颜色三、代词考察点分项说明:代词是为了避免重复而用来代替该词的词。英语是一种不喜欢重复的语言,当文中第二次提到同一个名词时,一般都要用相应的代词来代替。 英语代词可分为八大类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、和连接代词八种。(一)人称代词、物主代词和反身代词:(见下表)人称代词 主格 I you he she it we they 宾格 me him her us them 物主代词 形容词性
7、 my your his its our their 名词性 mine yours hers ours theirs 反身代词 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves themselves yourselves 1、表示“我”、“你”“他(她、它)”、“我们”、“你们”、“他(她、它)们”的词,称为人称代词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化。其变化形式如下: 数 复主 格宾 格 主 格第一人称 I我 we我们 Us 第二人称 you你 you你们 第三人称he他 she她 it它 2、表示所有关系的代词叫作物主代词,也叫代词所有格。物主代词
8、分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语,相当于一个形容词;名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语,相当于一个名词。3、自身代词是表示“自己”的代词,也称为反身代词。其形式有:单数 复数 myself我自己 ourselves我们自己 yourself你自己 yourselves你们自己 第三人称 himself他自己, herself她自己, itself它自己 (二)、few, a few, little, a little的用法:含语 气 修饰或代替的名词 few 很少几个 否定 复数可数名词 a few 有几个 肯定 little 很少,不多 a lit
9、tle 有一点 (三)、常见不定代词的一般用法:1、由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词,如果有形容词修饰,该形容词必须后置。There is nothing wrong with the radio.这收音机没有毛病。 I have something important to tell you.我有重要事情告诉你。2、both / all / none all的意思是“全体”,“所有”可代表或修饰三个以上的人或物;both指“两者都”; none “没有”表示三者或三者以上都不,后常跟介词of。3、every / each every单数名词 “每一个” 强调共性,
10、作定语,形式上为单数。each “每一个” 强调个性,作定语、主语、宾语和同位语,常与of连用。4、both / either / neither both “(两者)都” ,作主语时,看作复数;作定语时,后跟名词复数。 either “两者中任何一个” ,作主语时,谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时,后跟名词单数。 neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义,用法同either。5. another / the other / the others/ others another +单数名词, “另一个” one the other “一个,另一个” the other +复数名词 = the
11、 others “其他的人或物” (指确定范围内剩下的全部) others “别人”(四)指示代词的一般用法: 表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等,指示意义的代词称为指示代词。指示代词有this, that, these, those, such, same等。1、This, that, these those的用法: This(these)常用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物, these是this的复数形式;that(those)常指在时间或空间上较远的事物,those是that的复数形式。2、such和same的用法: such常在句中作主语、定语和表语,表示“这样”。 same可
12、用作主语、表语、宾语和定语,意为“同样的”,same前必须加定冠词the。I have never seen such a good place.我从未见过这么好的地方。I never heard such stories as he told.我从未听过他讲的那样的故事。We are in the same factory. 我们在同一家工厂。Ill do the same as you.我将与你做同样的事情。(五)疑问代词的基本用法: 疑问代词是指 5个“wh”,:who(谁), whose(谁的), whom(谁),what(什么), which哪个)1、who在句中通常用作主语和表语,
13、whom作宾语。在口语中,常用who代替whom,但是若前面有介词,还是用whom.Who is the girl in red? 那个穿红衣服的女孩是谁?Whom are you waiting for? 你们在等谁?With whom did they play basketball? 他们和谁一起打篮球?2、which常表示在一定范围之内的选择,what则没有这种限制,如: Which do you prefer, orange juice or coke? 橘汁和可乐,你喜欢哪个? Which of them come from Canada? 他们中谁来自加拿大? What do y
14、ou like to do in your spare time? 你在业余时间都做什么?四、冠词考察点分项说明: 在英语中,有一类词是汉语中没有的,那就是冠词。冠词常位于名词之前,用来修饰名词并帮助说明名词的含义。冠词是一种虚词,不能单独使用,必须与名词连用,置于名词之前。冠词分为不定冠词(a, an)与冠词(the)两种。而定冠词用于特定的单数或复数名词之前,表示特定的人或事物,相当于“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”。(一)、不定冠词 不定冠词主用于单数可数名词前,表示“一个”或“一类。”1、a用于以辅音“音素”开头的单数可数名词前。2、在月份、星期及morning, afterno
15、on, evening, night, day等名词前有修饰词时,一律用a。 Smith arrived in Beijing on a rainy day. 史密斯在一个下雨天到达了北京。 He died in a cold February. 他死于寒冷的二月。3、不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前。 如:an apple, an hour, an honest boy, an English car. 注意: a useful dictionary(二)定冠词定冠词用于特定的单数或复数名词之前,表示特定的人或事物,相当于“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”。定冠词的常见用法有:1、用
16、来指独一无二的物体: The sun rose at six oclock. 太阳在六点升起。2、用于再次提及的名词前。There is a cow under the tree. The cow is yellow.树下有一头牛,牛是黄色的。3、用来指说话者双方心目中都知道的特定的人或事物。This is the book you wanted. 这就是你要的那本书。4、用于单数可数名词前,泛指一类。The horse is an animal.马是动物。5、用于序数词前、表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。the first, the best , in the south等6、在复数姓氏前加
17、the,表示一家人,常看成复数。The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer. 布朗一家人今年夏天将要去上海渡假。五、巩固练习(一)选择填空1. Does Mr. Brown like Chinese . A. food B. foods C. any food D. some food2. There a dictionary and two notebooks on the desk. A. is B. are C. has D. have3. The old man has two A. son-in-law B.
18、sons-in-law C. son-in-lawsD. sons-in-laws4. We should keep clean. A. toothes B. tooths C. our tooths D. our teeth5. Lucy has been to many times this year. A. his uncle B. his uncles C. uncles D. her uncles6. didnt visit the farm. A. One of the boy B. One of the boys C. One of boy D. One of boys7. No
19、 news good news. B. seems C. are D. has8. This is table. A. his teachers MarysB. his teacher, Marys C. his teachers Mary D. his teacher, Mary9. After climbing 2 hours, we had rest. A. a few minutes B. few minutes C. a few minutes D. few minutes10. These are my _ . A. box B. a box C. boxes D. the box
20、es(二)、用适当的代词填空1. My father did not want of the two shirts and asked to be shown is Tom like? Oh, hes short and fat.3. Her parents are workers. Her classmates are from peasants families.4. Mother told the boys,“Please help to some fruit.”5. All these are fine books. You can read of them.6. They are l
21、earning from7. Lucy dances better than girl in the school. Jim jumps higher than boys in his class.8. He lent me a few books, but of them is easy enough for me. He lent me a few books, and of them are easy enough for me.二、用适当的冠词填空(不填处用“”表示) by train. Huanghe River for while go out for walk at foot o
22、f half hour Mr. Smith came here just now There is old man in the village. Old man is seventy. earth turns roundsun. We often have lunch at home. I wish you happy life. harder you study, better you get the marks. man with book in his hand is our new class teacher. It was raining again! What day! Who
23、is going to take place of Mr. Smith next term ?六、巩固练习参考答案1 A 2A 3 B 4. D 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. C 1. either, another2. what3. both; all4. yourselves5. any6. each other7. any other; any of the other8. none, all(三)、用适当的冠词填空(不填处用“1. 2. the3. a4. a5. the6. an7. A8. an, The9. The, the10. 11. a12. The, the13. The, a14. a15. the
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