1、)连接,例如:Perkins and Gass (1996) argue that, since proficiency is multidimensional, it does not always develop at the same rate in all domains.引述三个以上少于六个作者时:第一次引用时,例如:Sanders, Spooren and Noordman (1992) present a useful taxonomy of coherence relations. 从第二次引用开始,第一个作者的姓+ et al. 表达,例如:Sanders et al. (1
2、992) studied coherence relations based on four criteria. 引述六个以上的作者时,可直接用第一个作者的姓+ et al. 表达。页码可置于文献出版(或发表)的时间(年)后或引述的句子后。但无论选择哪一种,在论文中最好前后统一,例如,用“:” 或 “p./pp.” 不能交替使用。Messick (1989:20) presents what he calls a progressive matrix. Hu (1994:56) points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s
3、are more or less concerned with “text grammar” and textual “grammaticality”. Messick (1989, p. 20) presents what he calls a progressive matrix.Hu (1994, pp. 56) points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “text grammar” and textual “grammaticality”.Gould
4、 (1989) explains that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life “to express the other form of interconnectedness genealogical rather than ecological and to illustrate both success and failure in the history of life” (p. 14).Hu (1994) points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s are m
5、ore or less concerned with “text grammar” and textual “grammaticality” (pp. 56).若引文过长(超过50词),则列为一段。Lorenz (1999) voiced a very similar view that because in written communication, coherence cannot be explicitly negotiated face-to-face between text producer and text receiver, “writers therefore have e
6、very reason for trying to be unequivocal and to make their ideas, intentions and arguments unmistakably clear. One way of doing this is to carefully signal logical relations and thereby signpost the path to coherence for the reader. Consequently, when looking at the fabrication of coherence in writt
7、en discourse, we need to pay special attention to those explicit signposts of coherence, i.e. the texts cohesive ties” (p. 55).当引述的作者不做句子成分,句中出现作者的原句或原词时,作者姓、出版年及页码都应放置句子后的括号里,顺序为:姓、出版年,页码,如例句a),b);若句中未出现作者的原句或原词时,只将作者姓、出版年放置句子后的括号里,顺序为:姓、出版年,如例句c), d)。a) The first criticism is that the text-based r
8、esearchers choose to study the text itself for “methodological convenience” (Givn, 1995:59).b) One validates not a test, but a principle for making inferences (Cronbach & Meehl, 1955:297).c) This approach tends to assume an automatisation or practice view of learning (Bruton, 2002).d) During the 197
9、0s there were considerable moves within language teaching to embrace the communicative approach (Brumfit & Johnson, 1979). (2) 转述(Citation from a secondary source)当不是从原作中引述,而是从别人的文献中引用时,使用下例的形式。If construct validity is seen as an exhaustive process that can be accomplished over a 50-year period, tes
10、t developers may be inclined to think that any validity information is good enough in the short run (Shepard 1993: 444, cited in Chapelle 1998). (3) 从论文集中引述(Citation from a thesis collection) 引用论文集的文章时,应引用具体文章作者而不是论文集的主编的名字,例如:M. A. Gernsbacher and T. Givnhave edited a thesis collection named Cohere
11、nce in Spontaneous Text. In it, there is an article named Aspects of coherence in written language: a psychological perspective written by A. Sanfordand and L. Moxey. When citing the content from this article, you should follow this format:Obviously Reinharts criterion of relevance is in fact obviou
12、sly psychological, since “relevance can only be defined with respect to background knowledge, and reasoning processes” (Sanford & Moxey 1995:163).对应的文献表达的方式为:Sanford, A. & Moxey, L. 1995. Aspects of coherence in written language: a psychological perspective. In Gernsbacher, M. A. & Givon, T. (Eds.),
13、 Coherence in Spontaneous Text. pp. 161-187. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.(4) 引述中国学者文献(Citation from A Chinese literature) 用英语写作时,应将要引述的内容、作者及出版单位译成英语。For example, text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s were more or less concerned with “text grammar” and textual “gram
14、maticality” (Hu, 1994:56).These scholars chose to study coherence as a social phenomenon, rather than a mental phenomenon (Zhu & Yan, 2001).Hu, Z. 1994. Discourse Cohesion and Coherence (In Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.(胡壮麟,语篇的衔接与连贯,上海外语教育出版社。)Zhu, Y. & Yan, S. 2001.
15、 Reflections on Systemic-Functional Linguistics (In Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.(朱永生, 严世清,系统功能语言学多维思考,上海外语教育出版社)。注意:在英语论文中,不可将中国学者的全名写出,也不能直接用汉语写。如(Hu Zhuanglin, 1994);(胡壮麟,1994) 或 (胡,1994)等形式都是不对的。(5) 其他(Others) 关于重复引用。在同一段落中,连续两次或两次以上引用同一文献时(中间没有引用其他的文献),从第二次开始,不重
16、复文献作者的姓和出版年代,而是用ibid.代替。如所引内容在不同页码,可以在ibid.之后加上页码。A principle of text sequencing is that “without overt indications to the contrary, the order of mention of certain items may be assumed to reflect the order of these items in reality or in our conceptualization of reality” (Dik, 1997:435). This equal
17、s to say that textual description of events or states-of-affairs should follow either the order which actually exists in the worlds described or the order in which we perceive the worlds. As Dik (ibid.:436) further points out, “as long as the ordering within the discourse is in accordance with these
18、 natural defaults, this adds to the overall coherence. Where such orders are shifted around, overt markers must warn the interpreter of this marked situation”.有时论文中不是直接或间接引用文献,而只是为了描述或介绍研究现状而提及某些文献,往往同时提及多种文献。在这种情况下可以采用如下格式(注意使用e.g.,)。The situation with accuracy is not so clear. Some studies (e.g.,
19、Foster & Skehan 1996; Skehan & Foster 1997; Mehnert 1998) do suggest that accuracy is raised when there is planning, but other studies (e.g., Crookes 1989; Ortega 1999; Wigglesworth 1997, 2001) do not support this claim. 在这种情况下,可以用两种方法来安排文献的顺序。一是按文献的年代排列,较早的排在前面(如上例);二是按作者的姓氏的字母顺序排列。在同一处提及一个作者不同年代的文
20、献时,可在括弧中列出若干个年代,用逗号隔开,按时间顺序排列。According to Halliday (1973, 1978, 1985, 1994), language has three main metafunctions, namely, ideational metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and textual metafunction.如果需要同时引用某个作者在其独立完成的某个著作中的观点以及这个作者与其他作者合作的著作中的观点,可以采用下列两种格式。However, McNamara (1995; McNamara & Lum
21、ley, 1997) has challenged the Bachman model. However, researchers have challenged the Bachman model (McNamara, 1995; Lumley, 1997).在同一篇论文中如果需要引用同一作者在同一年出版的两种或两种以上的文献,则在年代后面用a, b, c等进行区分。He draws up a possible research agenda that would flow from the inclusion of a social perspective and in-deed such
22、 a research agenda has already borne fruit in several studies of the nature of the interaction in oral tests (Porter 1991a, 1991b).在参考书目中按下列格式列出对应的条目。Porter, D. 1991a. Affective factors in language testing. In Alderson, J. C. & North, B. (Eds.), Language testing in the 1990s: the communicative legac
23、y (pp. 3240). London: Macmillan (Modern English Publications in association with the British Council).Porter, D. 1991b. Affective factors in the assessment of oral interaction: gender and status. In Anivan, S. (Ed.), Current developments in language testing (Vol. 25, pp. 92102). Singapore: SEAMEO Re
24、gional Language Centre. Anthology Series.在同一论文中如果需要引用的两个作者的姓氏相同(即使出版年代不同),则需要加上作者的名字(First name)的首字母加以区分。R. Dawkins (1986) and M. S. Dawkins (1980) have contributed to an understanding of consciousness in animals.如果所引用的文献没有具体的作者,而是某个机构出版物,在引用时用机构的名称代替作者的姓。Retired officers retain access to all of the
25、 universitys educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University 1995:54).词典或百科全书一般用出版物的名称,如果有大家熟悉的缩写形式,也可以使用缩写形式。3 参考文献 (Bibliography)(1) 专著的基本格式只一位作者的文献:作者姓+逗号+空格+作者名的首字母+点+空格+出版年代+点+空格+专著名称(斜体)+点+空格+出版地点+冒号+空格+出版公司+地点。Connor, U. 1996. Contrastive Rhetoric: Cross-cultural Aspects of Secon
26、d Language Writing. New York: Cambridge University Press.专著的书名一定要用斜体(手写论文或用旧式打字机时在书名下加下划线),书名的每个单词(冠词和介词除外,除非在句首)都要大写。一般地,书名中的副标题不需要全部大写,只将第一个单词的首字母大写。两位作者的文献:第一作者姓+逗号+空格+第一作者名的首字母+点+空格+&+第二作者的姓+逗号+空格+第二作者名的首字母+点+空格+出版年代+点+空格+专著名称(斜体)+点+空格+出版地点+冒号+空格+出版公司+点。Brown, G. & Yule, G. 1983. Discourse Analy
27、sis. Cambridge:三位作者以上的文献参照两位作者的文献的格式,例如:Butt, D., Fahey, R., Spinks, S., & Yallop, C. 1995. Using Functional Grammar: An Explorers Guide. Macquarie University: National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research.参考书目的条目中不允许使用et al.来代替其他作者。应列出文献的所有作者的信息。(2) 学术期刊的文章学术期刊的格式与专著基本相同,依次提供以下信息:作者、出版
28、年代、文章名称(正体,文章名的第一个单词的首字母大写,其余均为小写)、期刊名称(斜体,每个单词的首字母大写)、卷号(每年的若干期为一卷)、期号、文献起始页码。Bateman, J. A. & Rondhuis, K. J. 1997. Coherence relations: Towards a general specification. Discourse Processes, 24 (1), pp. 3-49.如果所引用期刊的整卷统一编排页码(即一卷中的若干期连续编排页码),那么在参考文献中不需要提供期号(issue number),只需提供卷号(volume number)和页码。 如
29、果每一期单独编排页码(即每期从第1页开始),那么则需要提供期号,如上例。(3) 论文集论文集全书:格式与专著基本相同,只是在编者后面要加上(Ed.)或(Eds.)如果只有一个编者,用Ed.;如果有两个或两个以上的编者,则用Eds.。Couture, B. (Ed.). 1986. Functional Approaches to Writing: Research perspectives. Norwood, NJ.: Ablex.Bublitz, W., Lenk, U., & Ventola, E. (Eds.), Coherence in Spoken and Written Disco
30、urse. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publication Company.论文集中的文章:引用论文集中的文章时,参考书目要提供以下信息:作者,出版年代,文章名称(正体,只有第一单词的首字母大写),编者、论文集名称、所引文章的起始页码、出版地点、出版机构。Coulthard, M. 1994. On analysing and evaluating written text. In Coulthard, M. (Ed.), Advances in Written Text Analysis. pp. 1-11. London & New York: Routledge. Bublitz, W. & Lenk, U. 1999. Disturbed Coherence: Fill me in. In Bublitz, W., Lenk, U., & Ventola, E. (Eds.), Coherence in Spoken and Written Discourse.
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