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相似词语辨析Word文档格式.docx

1、请注意,下列句中的able是用错了,应改为capable:This book is able to be translated(错)This book is capable of being translated(对)That law is able to be evaded(错)That law is capable of being evaded(对)(五) able 一般用作正面意义,指好人好事;capable 则是中性词,既可指好事,亦可指坏事,例如在下例中,capable of anything是表示“任何坏事都做得出来”之意:That guy is capable of anyth

2、ing!那家伙什么勾当都会干得出来!(六) able的反义词是unable;capable的反义词是incapable。另一点值得注意的是,able的名词是 ability,义:“能力”(the power to do);capable的名词是capability 或 capacity,前者义:“具有从事某事的能力”;后者义:“容量”或“受容力”。需要在此指出的是,ability是可以通过练习或锻炼获得的,而capability则是固有的能力,它与练习或锻炼无关。通过下列例句的对比,我们不难区分其义蕴:I do not doubt his ability to do the workHe ha

3、s the capability to benefit from university education第一句的ability是指通过训练或工作磨炼而获得的“能力”;第二句的capability是指天赋之才,与后天无关。according as,according to这两个词组虽然相似,但它们的结构和使用场合并不相同。according to表示“根据”、“按照”;而according as表示“视乎”,有depending及according to whether的意味。According as是连词词组,其后接从句;according to 是介词短语,其后接名词。The thermo

4、meter rises or falls according to the high or low temperature寒暑表根据气温的高低而升降。They will be praised or blamed according as their work is good or bad给他们的赏罚将视乎他们工作的好坏来决定。应当在此指出,在现代英语中,according as的句型结构已很少有人使用,正如 Bergen Evans和 Cornelia Evans在A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage 中指出的那样:“This construc

5、tion is not often heard today”。下面是according to的例句:According to the weather report,we shall have cold weather next week根据天气报告,下星期天气将要转冷。You should act according to circumstances你们要随机应变。According to有个同义短语,即 in accordance with,但它们的涵义有细微的区别,前者强调“根据所言”,后者则强调“与要一致”。另外 in accordance with多用于正式场合,例如表示与一些原则、规

6、律一致。According to police report,five luxury cars were stolen in Kowloon yesterday根据警方报告,昨天在九龙有五辆豪华汽车失窃。We must proceed in accordance with the rules我们必须按照规章办事。That sentence is not in accordance with the rules of grammar那个句子不符合语法规则。请注意,in accordance with 既可引导 adverbial phrase,又可引导adjectival phrase作verb

7、“to be”的补语(见上面 in accordance with的第一和第二个例句);according to则不能。例如,我们不能说:The news is according to Hong Kongs broadcasting station(错)另一点需要补充说明的是,in accord with 和 in accordance with同义,它们可以互换使用,但前者远不及后者用得普遍。英国学者FTWood认为,我们最好在强凋“与一致”(agreement)的时候,用in accord with;在强调“服从”或“遵照执行”(obeying or following)的涵义时,用 i

8、n accordance with。What he has done is not in accord with your instructionsIn accordance with your instructions we have suspended work on the heating apparatus across, cross这两个词都是表示“横越”、“渡过”之意,在拼写上仅差一字之微,故很易混淆。它们的区别在于词性和使用场合有所不同。across是介词;cross是动词。下面请看例句:My house is across the harbour,in the vicinity

9、 of the Kowloon Park我的家在海港的对岸,九龙公园附近。They live across the Central Plaza他们住在中央广场的对面。Everyone shouts “ kill it!”when a rat is seen to run across the street老鼠过街,人人喊打。He has crossed the border into another territory他已越过边界进入别国的领土。Many steel arch bridges cross the Mississippi in its lower reaches在密西西比河的下游

10、许多拱形铁桥横跨河面。They have crossed over to Japan他们已东渡去日本了。coss除作动词外,亦可作名词。作名词时,有较强的构词能力,它所构成的词的某些词义和用法是值得注意的。例如crossroad是“交叉路”或“横马路”,而crossroads却是“十字路”或“十字路口”,它的前面可以用a,但-s不能丢掉。The accident took place at a crossroads车祸发生在十字路口。They drive across the plain by way of a crossroad leading to the highway他们沿着一条通往公

11、路的交叉路驾车横过平原。cross-reference是“前后参照”、“互见条目”的意思,专指同一书刊中前后互相参阅的说明。In this book cross-references are shown in capital letters在本书中,前后参照的互见条目用大写字母表示。crossing是“渡口”、“横道线”或“(铁路与公路的)交叉点”。The Star Ferry Pier is a ferry crossing in central天星码头是在中环的一个渡口。All care should stoP at the zebra crossing所有车辆都要在斑马线前停下。A bu

12、s ran into a train at the levelgrade crossing一辆公共汽车在平交点与火车相撞。 act as,act like乍然看来,act as和 act like是两个同义短语,在涵义上无甚区别可言,其实不然。Act as的意思是“充当”、“担任”,相当于 serve as,可与人或物词如:doctor、director、interpreter、guide、coach、 teacher、go-between、furniture、tools等字搭配使用。as是连词,引导一个省略了谓语的状语从句。This herb can act as an antidote a

13、gainst snakebite这种药草可以用作蛇咬的解毒药。Last summer she acted as a guide for tourists去年夏天,她担任旅游向导。This coin may act as a screwdriver这枚硬币可以充当螺丝起子用。Mr.Liu acted as group leader while Mr.Zhang was ill张先生生病时,刘先生任组长。请注意,有时候,act for与act as的意义颇相近,但它们在表示概念方面互不相同。act as是“(临时)充当”或“起的作用”; act for则表示“代理”的涵义。请比较下一句和前述句:M

14、r. Liu acted for Mr. Zhang while,the latter was ill张先生患病期间,刘先生代理他的工作。Act like的意思是“行为像”、“举动像”,相当于英语的 to act in the manner of,它常与人或动物名词连用。like是介词,其后接宾语。That child acts like a grown-up那个孩子的举动像成年人一样。Dont act like a fool!别像傻瓜一般!His refusal of our offer acted like a wet blanket他拒绝了我们的建议,真使我们扫兴。(注:a wet bl

15、anket 作“令人扫兴的事或人”。) admit,admit of一般说来,admit表示“许入”、“进入”(allow somebody or something to enter)或“承认”(acknowledge)的意义;admit of则表示“容许”(allow of)或“容有”(leave room for)之意。This ticket admits one person only此券只准一人入场。I admitted him to the lecture我准许他入内听讲。He has admitted the fact他已承认此事。This matter admits of no

16、 delay此事刻不容缓。This word admits of several interpretations这个词可作几种解释。Admit的主语既可以是物,也可以是人,而admit of 的主语只可以是没有生命的事物。 I cant admit of your doing it,而只能说:I cant allow you to do it。又如,不可以说:He can admit of no question,而应该说:His veracity admits of no question(他的诚信是勿容置疑的)。值得注意的是,admittance和admission都是admit 的名词,

17、它们都有“准入”之意,但使用场合不同。一般说来,admittance用于直义,即指准许某人进入某一场所;admission则大都用于比喻意,指准许进入的权利、入场费或入会费而言。因此,“入场券”译作admission ticket,不译作admittance ticket。“如非公事,不得擅进(非请勿进)”则译作 No admittance except on business。现将这两个词作一比较:They refused him admittance when he arrived他抵达时他们拒绝他入场。They granted him admission他门准许他入会。此外,admit用

18、作解“承认”时,之后可以接动名词或从句,但不能接动词不定式。 He admits having seen the book或 He admits that he saw the book。但不可以说:He admits to have seen the book。在现代英语中,有时我们可以看到 admit to这么一个短语,其义相当于confess to (承认),例如:In spit of all the evidence against her,she refused to admit to the crime虽然所有证据都对她不利,但是她拒绝承认犯了罪。有些西方学者认为,admit to

19、 并不是地道的英语,最好避免使用。与之类似区别的词语有 allow和allow of。前者的意思是“许可”(permit);后者的意思是“容有余地”(leave room for)。它们的用法与 admit和 admit of相同。advance, advancementAdvance用作名词时,很易和另一名词advancement 混淆不清,因为这两个词都有“前进”、“进步”和“进展”之意。它们的区别如下:一般说来,advance含有自动的意味,advancement 则含有被动的意味。advance of science是“科学的进步”; advancement of science则是“

20、科学的被人推进”。从下列两个例句,我们可以辨别出它们的区别:Discovering a cure for AIDS would be a major medical advance发现治疗艾滋病的方法将是医学上的一大进展。We have made a program for the advancement of science我们已制定了一个发展科学的规划。通过上列例句的对比,我们可以联想到 advance in rank 和 advancement in rank;advance in industy和advancement in industry;advance in society和ad

21、vancement in society等语的涵义区别。在表示“行军”或“向行进”的意义时,只能用advance,不可以用advancement。They have done their best to resist the advance of the enemy他们已尽力阻挡敌人向前推进。Road blocks were set up to obstruct the advance of the demonstrators设置路障是要阻止示威人士前进。在某些固定的词组里,例如 in advance、in advance of、be on the advance,只能用advance,不可以

22、用advancement。Please pay the bill in advance请先付账。The plane reached Hong Kong ten minutes in advance of its scheduled time飞机比预定的时间提早了十分钟到达香港。Recently the new stocks are on the advance最近新股看涨。advance一字除用作名词和动词(如 In recent days prices advanced rapidly。近日来,价格猛涨)之外,亦可用作形容词。作形容词时,其意为“预先的”、“在前的”。advance noti

23、ce(预先通知);advance booking (预订预售(票);advance payment(预先付款);advance copy(发行前的)新书样本); advance party of soldiers(先头部队)。值得注意的是,advanced也可用作形容词,但其意为“先进的”、“高级的”。advanced ideas(进步的思想);advanced algebra(高等代数);advanced courses(高级课程)。after, behindAfter用作介词时,很易和另一介词behind混淆不清,因为它们都表示“在之后”的意思。它们的区别有以下几点:(一)一般说来,aft

24、er指时间的先后次序,意为“在之后”(later in time than); behind指位置的前后,意为“在后面”(in the rear of)。I shall be free after ten oclock十点之后我有空。The national stadium is located behind the hill国家运动场在山岗的后面。(二)after常用以指顺序,意为“跟在之后”、“接着”、“接连”(in succession or next to in order); behind 则表示“隐匿在后”、“背着”或“遗留在后”之意。After you,please!您先请!(出

25、门或进门时的客套用语)You should put the direct object after the indirect object你应该把直接宾语放在间接宾语之后。The policemen are searching for the robbers door after door警察正在挨家挨户地搜查劫匪。Day after day and year after year日复一日,年复一年。t stand behind the door不要躲在门背后。t speak evil of a man behind his back不要在背后说人坏话。Who is behind the sc

26、enes?谁是幕后人?Those smugglers ran away and left no trace behind them那些走私客逃走时没有留下任何痕迹。(三)在某些场合下,after和behind可以互换使用,但涵义有所不同。Shut the door after you(1)Shut the door behind you(2)(1)句的意思是“随手关门”,after含有离开与关门两个动作的先后的意味;(2)句的意思是“关上你背后的门”,behind表示门的静止状态的意味,正因为如此,我们通常说:t stand behind the door,而不说:t stand after

27、the door。值得注意的是,在另一些场合下,after和behind 在互换使用后,其意并无区别可言。John came in after AliceJohn came in behind AliceThe dog ran after its masterThe dog ran behind its masterBehind除作介词外,尚可用作副词、名词和形容词; after除作介词外,还可用作副词、连词和形容词,由于不属本书探讨范围之内,这里就不赘述。alive, living这两个词都表示“活着的”、“有生命的”(having life)意思,词义相同,但用法不同。Alive是表语形容

28、词,放在verb “to be”之后,不能放在它所说明的名词之前。例如我们只可以说 The old man is still alive。Living既可用作表语形容词,又可用作定语形容词,故可放在它所修饰的名词之前。我们既可以说:English is a living language也可以说:Is his father still living?就使用场合而言,alive大都用于人,有时用作比喻或强调时也用于物。Given the chance to sing on stage,he is very much alive有机会在台上唱歌,他显得很活跃。The bazaar was all

29、alive by the time we arrived我们到达时,墟市非常热闹。Living则人物共用(请参阅上面两例)。就词性而言,alive只能用作形容词,不能作名词;living既可作形容词,又可作名词。Many people were burnt alive in the conflagration that happened in a multi-storeyed building在一幢多层大厦内发生的大火中,很多人被活活烧死。Our living standards are rising steadily我们的生活水平在不断提高。Those who enjoy a good living seldom un

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