1、 man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children foot-feet ,.tooth-teeth fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 3、 形容词(包括副词)形容词表示某一事物或的特征,副词表示某一动作的特征。形容词和副词只有两种形式:原形和+er。未作比较的情况下就用原形,比较时就+er。两个重要特征:asas中间一定用原形,有than的时候一定+er。4、 人称代词和
2、物主代词人称代词物主代词单数复数主格宾格形容词性(短)名词性(长)第一人称Imeweusmymineourours第二人称youyouryours第三人称hehimtheythemhistheirtheirssheherhersitits人称代词:有主格和宾格之分。一般动词前用主格,动词后用宾格。物主代词:有两类:形容词性物主代词(短的)和名词性物主代词(长的)一般看后面有没有名词,如有,就用形容词性物主代词(短的);如无,就用名词性物主代词(长的)。5、 数量词我们学过两类:基数词和序数词。基数用于表示数量多少,而基数词用于表示次序,常在日期中出现。序数词的前面一般都加the。6、冠词有a、
3、an、the。a和an的区别:an用于元音音素(一般就是元音字母aeiou)前,a用于辅音音素前。二、There be 句型与have, has的区别1、There be 句型表示:在某地有某物(或人)2、在there be 句型中,主语是单数,be 动词用is ; 主语是复数,be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品,be 动词根据最*近be 动词的那个名词决定。3、there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。 4、there be句型与have(has) 的区别:there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。5、
4、some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用:some 用于肯定句, any 用于否定句或疑问句。三、否定句:be动词(am、is、are、was、were)+not、情态动词(can、must、should)+ not、助动词(do、does、did) + not如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为否定句:1、看句中有无be动词,如有,直接在be动词后+ not。2、看句中有无情态动词,如有,直接在情态动词后+ not。3、如上述二者都没有,就应用助动词+ not。分四个步骤:(1)肯定陈述句中本来是没有助动词的,要加上去,位置在主语(某人或某物)后,动词前。(2)确定助动词用do、does还
5、是did,根据句中动词,动词是原形的助动词就用do,动词是第三人称单数的助动词就用does,动词用过去式的助动词就有did。(3)在助动词后加not。(4)原句中动词假如发生变化就要恢复成原形。强调一点,有some的要考虑是否要用any。四、一般疑问句。1、看句中有无be动词,如有,把be动词提到句首即可。2、看句中有无情态动词,如有,把情态动词提到句首即可。3、如上述二者都没有,就应把助动提到句首。(3)把助动词后提到句首。五、特殊疑问句。表示疑问,有疑问词(在开头),回答有很多种可能。常用疑问词: 疑问词意思用法When什么时间问时间What time 问具体时间,如几点钟Who谁问人Wh
6、ose 谁的问主人Where在哪里问地点Which哪一个问选择Why 为什么问原因What 什么问东西、事物What colour什么颜色问颜色What about。怎么样问意见What day星期几问星期几What date什么日期问日期What for 为何目的问目的How 怎样问情况How old多大年纪问年纪How many多少数量(可数名词)问数量How much多少钱;多少数量(不可数名词)问多少钱或数量(不可数)How aboutHow often多久问频率How long多长时间问时间长度How far 多远问多远;多长距离六、祈使句表示请求或命令别人做某事或不要做某事。肯定祈
7、使句一定是以动词原形开头(有时有please),否定的祈使句一定是dont加动词原形开头(有时有please)。把祈使句改为否定句只需在动词前加dont即可。七、时态一、一般现在时:用来叙述经常性发生的事情、习惯和爱好等,时间词有sometimesoftenusuallyevery morning(afternoon,evening,day,week,year)on Monday等(注意此时要先弄清叙述的人或事物是否第三人称单数。即he 、she 、it)1、 如果叙述的人或事物是第三人称单数行为动词要加上s或es,其变化规则和名词的复数形式变化规则一样。1.) John likes goin
8、g hiking. 2.) Mary often gets up at seven oclock.3.) Mr li cooks supper every evening.4.) How does he go to school?-He goes to school on foot.5.) Does he go to school on Saturday?-Yes, he does.(第三人称单数一般疑问句句前是does,句中的动词要用原形。)动词第三人称单数变化规则:1)直接在动词后面加“s”。2)以“s、x、sh、ch”结尾的单词,在动词后面加“es”。 wash-washes watch
9、-watches fish-fishes3)以“辅音+y”结尾的单词,把y改i再加es。 carry-carries study-studies fly-flies4)go 和do 的第三人称单数是goes 和does2、叙述的人或事物不是第三人称单数行为动词要用原形。1.)I usually go to school on foot.2.)We play football every Sunday afternoon.3.)What do they do on Sundays? -They play chess. 二、现在进行时:用在叙述某人正在做某事的时候。(某动作正在进行)其结构是“be
10、动词+(动词+ing)”,句中可能会有look,listen,now或一个相当具体的时间。动词加“ing”(现在分词)的变化规则:1、接在动词后面加“ing”2、“元音+辅音+e”结尾的单词把e去掉再加ing。3、重读闭音节双写最后字母再加ing,单词有:runrunning、swimswimming、putputting、getgetting、shopshopping2.) What is Mary doing? Shes shopping.3.) Is Betty swimming now? No, she isnt. Shes running.4.) Its seven thirty i
11、n the evening. Were having dinner at home.三、一般将来时:叙述将要发生的事情或打算。时间词有:tomorrow, tonight, soon, next Monday(Tuesday), next week(month, year) ,this morning(afternoon)结构是be going to+动词原形。如果所接的动词原形刚好是go或come,可把to go 和to come 去掉。1.) What are you going to do tomorrow?-I am going to visit my grandparents.2.)
12、 Are they going to sweep the floor tonight?-Yes, they are.3)Where is Sarah going (to go) next week?-Shes going (to go) the park.四、一般过去时:一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常和表示过去的时间状态连用, 如Yesterday ,just now ,yesterday morning (afternoon, evening),last night (week, month, year),two days ago, a week ago, in 199
13、0, (in 1998)等. 也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作, 常和often, always表示频率的时间连用.一般过去时动词变化规则:、一般情况动词后面加ed ; 如:worked , cleaned , washed , 、以不发音e结尾的动词,直接加d就可以了;如:lived, moved ,loved、以辅音加y结尾的动词把y改成i再加ed ;studystudied , carry-carried 、重读闭音节的动词要双写末尾的辅音字母再加ed;stopstopped,shopshopped, skip- skipped. . 特殊变化:见不规则动词表。肯定句: I visited
14、 my grandparents last weekend. I usually played with my friends last year.I was busy last weekend.They were sad yesterday.否定句: I didnt visit my grandparents last weekend.I wasnt busy last weekend.They were not sad yesterday.一般疑问句: Did you visit you grandparents last weekend?Yes, I did. / No, I didnt
15、.Were you busy last weekend?Yes, I was. / No, I didnt.Yes, we were. / No, we werent.特殊疑问句: What did you do yesterday? I played football. Where did Mike go last weekend? He went to the library. How did you go there? I went by bus. Where were you yesterday?I was at home. 动词的过去式和现在分词be 是was, werebeing
16、begin 始beganbeginning build 建筑builtbuilding buy 买boughtbuying can 能could无 come 来camecoming copy 拷贝copiedcopying do 做diddoing draw 画drewdrawing drink 喝drankdrinking drive 驾车drovedriving eat 吃ateeating feel 感觉feltfeeling find 找寻foundfinding fly飞flewflying forget 忘记forgotforgetting get 得到gotgetting giv
17、e 给予gavegiving go 去wentgoing grow 成长grewgrowing have 有hadhaving hear 听heardhearing keep 保持keptkeeping know 知道knewknowing learn学习learnt, learnedlearning let 让letletting make 做mademaking may 可以might无 mean 意思meantmeaning meet 见面metmeeting must 必须must无 put 放putputting read 读readreading ride 骑roderiding
18、ring 响rangringing run 跑ranrunning say 说saidsaying see 看见sawseeing sing 唱歌sangsinging sit 坐satsitting sleep 睡觉sleptsleeping speak 讲话spokespeaking spend 花钱spentspending stand 站立stoodstanding sweep 打扫sweptsweeping swim 游泳swamswimming take 拿到tooktaking teach 教taughtteaching tell 讲述toldtelling think 思考thoughtthinking will 意愿would无 write 写wrotewriting
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