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1、Table 1: Average energy consumption for teaching facilities in 2006 （per Natural Resources Canada, OEE）.Average Teaching Facility in Quebec1.90 GJ/m2/yrAverage Teaching Facility in Canada1.70 GJ/m2/yrTable 2: Energy comparison of schools in Quebec, Ontario and Canada名 称GJ/m2/yrReduction 1.901.70Refe

2、rence Building （School） as Per MNECB of Canada for Quebec）1.30Reference Building （School） as Per MNECB of Canada for Ontario1.272.4KSS （Actual Data for 2008 2009）0.6351.4Table 3: Construction costs in Canadian dollars.cost$/m2$/ft2Mechanical1459555265.3724.33Electrical1059676192.6717.66Whole Buildin

3、g85912791562.05143.19For example, trees surrounding the path provide shade for the south fade of the facility during summer. With leaves shed in the winter, the resulting solar gains are used as an auxiliary heating source. Table 1 shows data published by Natural Resources Canada on the average ener

4、gy consumption of teaching facilities in 2006. Table 2 shows an energy comparison between the average facilities presented in Table 1, the reference building as per the Model National Energy Code for Buildings （MNECB） of Canada for a teaching facility including geothermal energy in the Province of Q

5、uebec1 and in the Province of Ontario,2 and the new Kahnawake Survival School. Table 2 shows that KSS performs well at 66.8% more efficient than the average teaching facility in the Province of Quebec and 51.4% more efficient than the reference building of the MNECB of Canada for a teaching facility

6、 in Quebec using geothermal energy.Heat recovery is applied to fresh air and exhaust using an enthalpy wheel. Coils and filters in the systems are selected at 1.8 m/s （350 fpm） to reduce static pressure loss. Variable frequency drives are installed on all fans and motors and are directly coupled to

7、avoid belt losses and reduce maintenance. Motors are high efficiency. A closed loop geothermal heat exchanger （15 vertical boreholes of 137 m2 450 ft） is used to supply tempered glycol to local geothermal water-to-air heat pumps. A water-to-water heat pump produces hot or cold glycol to supply a coi

8、l in the main fresh air ventilation unit that provides outside air to all building areas. Additional energy efficient measures implemented are high efficiency lighting fixtures and fresh air control using CO2 sensors for the gym.Ducting was designed to group the classrooms in four zones, with a fift

9、h zone for the offices. As soon as all classrooms in one zone are unoccupied, that ventilation zone is shut down. When all zones are closed, the main system is turned off.Physical separations are present between classrooms and offices, giving a means of controlling IAQ and energy consumption dependi

10、ng on occupation modes （offices are used in summer, while classes are not; classes can be used at night throughout the year while offices are empty at night, etc.）.Commissioning was performed with emphasis on performances of primary air-handling units （AHUs） and ventilation strategies. To deal with

11、the amount of fresh air injected into the gymnasium, CO2 sensors were installed in the return duct leading to the air-handling units, analyzing CO2 quantities contained in return air. Fresh air is injected in the mixing box of the AHU to maintain CO2 levels at 800 ppm. The special variable air volum

12、e （VAV） system with predetermined outside air rate and terminal reheat is an efficient way of providing effective indoor environmental quality to the users. All zones in the building can maintain effective temperature within the ASHRAE comfort zone as defined in ASHRAE Standard 55. A minimum humidit

13、y level of 30% is maintained during winter using electrical steam generator humidifiers installed in the air-Image: . 2009 DigitalGlobeImage: . 2009 DigitalGlobe technology award case studiesBuilding at a GlanceName: Kahnawake Survival SchoolLocation: Kahnawake, QC, CanadaOwner: Kahnawake Education

14、CenterPrincipal Use: SchoolIncludes: High School, Community Center, Public AssemblyEmployees/Occupants: 450 studentsGross Square Footage: 60,000 ft2Substantial Completion/Occupancy: August 2008Occupancy: 100%handling units. During summer, a maximum of 60% is allowed （design criteria for offices）.Con

15、sidering the many types of activity occurring in the building （teaching, administration, community activities, shows, sporting events, community meetings and shelter）, two basic options were analyzed: dedicated systems and centralized systems. After analysis, it was decided to combine both strategie

16、s. The use of a centralized system to condition the amount of outside air required and send it in all zones was the best solution. The capability to operate at variable flow was a major aspect of this system since classrooms and teaching areas are not used 24/7 while offices and administrative areas

17、 operate throughout the year.Because classrooms are not used during the hotter months of the year （from mid-June to the end of August）, cooling the classrooms and the gym was questioned. It was decided to use local geothermal water-to-air heat pumps into the administrative and office areas and in th

18、e cafeteria/student lounge as those areas were more likely to be used throughout the year or during summer for events. The fresh air system was equipped with a geothermal water-to-water heat pump to allow heating/cooling/dehumidification of fresh air supplied to all areas including classrooms and th

19、e gym. For the gym, a provision has been made to allow installation of cooling capacity in the system in the future by adding a water-water heat pump to supply a coil. Natural ventilation is available for all classrooms and the gym using operable windows. The main central corridor is open on two sto

20、ries and continues higher （almost three floors） to act as a natural chimney. All classrooms are opened to the central corridor （using operable panels）. When the outside conditions are adequate, a special green light shows teachers/users it is a good day to use natural ventilation. Operable windows l

21、ocated at the top of the natural chimney are opened, and teachers/users can decide if they want to open them.If very hot days occur during the academic year, a provision for two propeller fans, located at each end of the main corridor, was planned （at the top of the natural chimney）. This would forc

22、e air movement through the building （using natural ventilation openings in classrooms but closing the windows at the top of the natural chimney）. The same strategy was applied to the gym, allowing it to be naturally cooled. Also, a dedicated air-handling unit was installed into the gym for ventilati

23、on and heating purposes. Variable frequency drives were installed on each fan. Heat recovery was implemented on exhaust fans （washrooms, janitor rooms, etc）.A centralized building automation system （BAS） links all mechanical components through a centralized DDC network. A central panel is located in

24、 the main mechanical room and is simple to use so that occupants who are present outside of normal business hours can start/stop different features of the building （natural ventilation, forced natural ventilation fans, primary fresh air system, gym ventilation system and gym forced natural ventilati

25、on fans）.Commissioning was done on the BAS, which helped improve energy efficiency. This process continued after delivery of thebuilding and will continue for a few years to perfectly tune the building to the desired operation.Capital costs were controlled by providing simple systems that rely on we

26、ll-established, low-cost technologies and by optimizing equipment selection for dependability, low maintenance and maximum efficiency. A major advantage of the VAV systems with terminal reheat is that, despite different load requirements, a comfortable environment can be maintained in all rooms. Thi

27、s makes the systems flexible enough to adapt, at low cost, to any layout modification.Designing complicated systems is not always a guarantee for energy efficiency. In fact, the guiding principle is that simpler systems （as long as energy efficiency is not compromised） are understood better by maintenance personnel, which lowers operation costs.The decrease of energy consumption led to a reduction of