第一单元 句子成分Word文件下载.docx

1、 He has caught a bad cold. （3）由系动词加表语构成。 We are students. （系表作谓语）三、表语predicative用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：1.Our teacher of English is an American. （名词）2.Is it yours?（代词）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）4

2、.The speech is exciting.（分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）9.Time is up. The class is over.（副词）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）注意：系动词（Linking verb）用于连接主语和表语，说

3、明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。系动词可以是be动词，还可以是感官动词等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a teacher. （is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always kept silent at meeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He seems （to be） very sad.4）感官系动词主要有look,feel, smell, s

4、ound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：The river was beginning to run dry. 6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达结果是;证明是 ，之意，例如：The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success.四、宾语宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介

5、词后面。1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. 4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me. 6.I enjoy listening to popular music. 7.I think（that）he is fit for his offic

6、e. v 宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：He sent the novel to William yesterday.For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother.（2

7、）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如： He refused to lend me his bike.下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjo

8、y, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：John has admitted breaking the window .下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.（还没来）I forgot returning the book to him.（书已还给

9、他了）五、补语complement补语是用来补充主语和宾语的意义的，一般都着重说明主语或宾语的特征，常由名词或形容词担任。补语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语。Hill was declared the winner of the fight.（主语补足语）I consider the book expensive.（宾语补足语）（1）主语补足语subject complement表语就是位于连系代词之后的主语补语。主语补足语形式种种1. 动词elect, call, name, make, find, leave等后面常接名词用作主语补足语。 The dog is called Karl. He

10、was found the right man for the job. 2. 动词keep, make, paint, cut, burn, beat, wash, find, consider, wipe等后面常接形容词用作主语补足语。 The door was painted white. The old man was found weak. The classroom is always kept clean every day. 3. 动词see, watch, hear, feel, listen to, look at, imagine等后面接分词用作主语补足语。 He is

11、often heard reading English. The professor was seen making an experiment in the chemistry lab. The glass was found broken. The classroom was found crowded with people. 4.感官动词see, watch, hear, notice, feel, make等后面接带to的不定式用作主语补足语。 He was seen to come upstairs. Ice is known to be in a solid state. The

12、 spy was ordered to be hanged. 5. 介词短语用作主语补足语。 The books in the study must be kept in good order. He was found in good health. English is considered of great importance for us. 6. as后面接名词、形容词、分词等用作主语补足语。 English is taken as a useful means for research work. The news is considered as true. The stool

13、is usually thought as having four legs . The vase is thought as broken. 7. 由what引导的名词性从句用作主语补足语。 The boy has been made what he is.主语补足语的判别 1.看句中的动词是不是可接复合宾语，而且是不是被动语态，与此同时还要看其后部分的逻辑主语是不是句子的主语。2. 另一种最简单的方法是：如果还不能看出来就可以把全句改成 主动语态，加上一个主语we或people等。改成主动语态后，看后面是不是变成了“宾语+ 宾语补足语”了，这样我们就可以判别原句后面是不是主语补足语。被动句

14、：She was found reading in the library. （主语补足语） 主动句：We found her reading in the library. （宾语+ 宾语补足语）主动语态中的宾语补足语，可以转化为被动语态中的主语补足语。eg. They caught boy stealing. （stealing 作为宾语补足语） 转化为被动语态 The boy was caught stealing. （stealing转化为主语补足语）（2）宾语补足语Object Complement用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾

15、语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。1.His father named him Xiaoming.名词2.They painted their boat white.形容词3.Let the fresh air in. 副词4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.不定式短语5.We saw her entering the room.现在分词6.We found everything in the l

16、ab in good order.介词短语7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.从句六、定语attribute修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）4.His rapid progress in En

17、glish made us surprised.（代词）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class. （定语从句）七、状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，

18、叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示 ：1.Light travels most quickly.副词及副词性词组2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 介词短语3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.不定式短语4.He is in the room making a model plane.分词短语5.Wait a minute.名词6.Once you begin, you must continue.状语从句9种状语种类如下：1.

19、How about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7.He was so tired

20、that he fell asleep immediately. 8.She works very hard though she is old.9.She came in with a dictionary in her hand.八、同位语Appositive同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.九、插入语Parenthesis对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think （suppose, believe-）等，如：

21、To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.句子的基本结构英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：一： （主谓）二： （主系表）三： （主谓宾）四： （主谓间宾直宾）五： （主谓宾宾补）基本句型 一： （主谓）主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：

22、We come. 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 （不及物动词） 1. The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着。2. The moon rose. 月亮升起了。3. The universe remains. 宇宙长存。4. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5. Who cares? 管它呢？6. What he said does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。7. They talked for half a

23、n hour. 他们谈了半个小时。8. The pen writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。基本句型 二：此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel go

24、od/感觉好，smell bad/难闻 （是系动词） 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。2. The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。3. He fell in love. 他堕入了情网。4. Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。5. He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮6. The troubleis that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7. Our well has gone dr

25、y. 我们井干枯了。8. His face turned red. 他的脸红了。There be 结构： There be 表示存在有。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词there那里混淆。此结构后跟名词，表示（存在）有某事物 试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）/前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词那里。基本句型 三：此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是

26、代词宾格，如：me，him，them等 （及物动词） 1. Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案？2. She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。3. He has refused to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。4. He enjoys reading. 他喜欢看书。5. They ate what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。6. He said Good morning. 他说：早上好！7. I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。8. He admits that he was mistake

27、n. 他承认犯了错误。基本句型 四：有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。Give me a cup of tea,please.强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。Show this house to Mr.Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。Bring it to me,please. （及物） （多指人） （多指物） 1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3. He brought you a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。4. He denies her nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。5. I showed him my pictures. 我给他看我的照片6. I gave my car a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。7. I told him that the bus was late.