英语语言学 整理资料名词+简答文档格式.docx

1、Syntax, which studies how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences Semantics, which is the study of meaning in language. Pragmatics, which is the study of meaning not in isolation, but in context of use Sociolinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to society Psycholingui

2、stics, which is the study of language with reference to the workings of mind. Applied linguistics, which is concerned about the application of linguistic findings in linguistic studies; In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language

3、 teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. Other related branches are anthropological linguistics, neurological inguistics, mathematical linguistics, and computational linguistics. 2、 现代语言学Modern linguistics与传统语法Traditional grammar有什么区别？Traditional grammar is pr

4、escriptive; it is based on high （religious, literary） written language. It sets models for language users to follow. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task of lingui

5、sts is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is correct or not. 3、什么叫共时研究？什么叫历时研究？The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study（共时研究）; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study（历时研究）. A synchronic study of l

6、anguage describes a language as it is at some particular point in rime, while a diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 4、人类语言的甄别性特征是什么？1） Arbitrariness 。 It means that there is no logical connection between meaning

7、s and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word dog and the animal it refers to. The fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages and that the same sound may be used to refer to different objects is another good example. Altho

8、ugh language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. Some words, such as the words created in the imitation of sounds by sounds are motivated in a certain degree. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. 2） Productivity

9、 。Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of an infinitely large number of sentences, including those that they have never said or heard before. 3） Duality 。It means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two le

10、vels, one of sounds at the lower level and the other of meanings at the higher level. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of individual and meaningless sounds, which can be grouped into meaningful units at the higher level. This duality of structure or double articulation of lang

11、uage enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. 4） Displacement 。It means that language can be used to talk about what happened in the past, what is happening now, or what will happen in the future. Language can also be used to talk about our real word experiences or the experi

12、ences in our imaginary world. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. 5） Cultural transmission 。While we are born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language are not genetically transmitted, but instead hav

13、e to be taught and learned anew. 5、 Chomsky的语言能力和语言使用各指什么？American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the langu

14、age user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speakers knowledge of his mother tongue is

15、perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard. 6、 Saussure 是如何区分语言和言语的？The distinction b

16、etween langue, and parole was made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue and parole are French words. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.

17、 Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; It is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring langu

18、age events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 7、什么是语言学？LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in gener

19、al. 8、口头语speech与书面语 Speech（口头语） enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons:1） speech precedes writing in terms of evolution 2） a large amount of communication is carried out in speech tan in writing 3） speech is the form in which infants acquire their native l

20、anguage 9、 语言与言语 Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community Parole（言语） refers to the realization of language in actual use 10、能力competence与运用PerformanceChomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language Performa

21、nce: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication 11、几个术语 Prescriptive: aims to lay down rules for behavior. Descriptive: describe and analyzes the language people actually use. Synchronic: the description of a language at some point in time. Diachronic: the description of a

22、language as it changes through time. Synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. Langue: the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole: the realization of langue in actual use. Competence: the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his lang

23、uage. the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 12、Design features （语言）American linguist Charles Hockett spedified 12 design features, five of which will be discussed here. 1） Arbitratiness。Difference sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. The

24、 language that imitate natural sounds and compound words are non-arbitrary words. It makes up only a small percentage of the total number of words used in a language. 2） Productivity. It makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 3） Duality.language is a system,

25、which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. The lower or the basic level is a structure of meaningless sounds. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning such as morphimes and words. 4） Displacement. Languages can be used to refer to

26、context removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. 5） Cultural transmission. Language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct. 13、名词解释 1 Linguisitics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phoneti

27、cs: The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants 3 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. For example, phone, phoneme, and all phone. 4 Morphology: The study of the

28、way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. For example, boy and “ish”-boyish, teach-teacher. 5 Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. For example,” John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in languag

29、e is called semantics. For example,: The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found.The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. For example, “I do” The word d

30、o means different context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. For example, regional dialects, social variation in language. 9、Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 14. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Traditional grammar is prescriptive;（religious, literary） written language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; It collects authen